We are very happy to report that we have upgraded our drone camera/gimbal system once again and we are now able to take much better aerial photographs of scenes.

Here are the comparative examples of the "old versus new" technologies:

This is a scene that was filmed from about 1Km high, on the N3, outside Durban
(using the first camera technology we had). As you can see -

it is substantially better than Google Earth, but the altitude meant a slight loss in detail.
But the CURRENT elements (positions marked, tyre marks, etc) can be clearly seen.

This is the Google Earth Image for a scene we did for the Brits SAPS (where three young ladies and a motorcyclist burnt to death).

This is a typical example of what we would have used as a backdrop (scaled reference image) for our scene drawings.
It works, but lacks details and CURRENT elements (marks, etc) are never visible.

This is the same scene filmed with the drone. This was done using the new (bigger) drone, with the old camera system installed (stills taken from Full HD Video).
This would be considered an exceptional example of what the drone can do and relevant CURRENT elements can be seen clearly.
You will also immediately see that this is much better than any Google Earth Image currently available.

Then this is an example of the capabilities of the drone with the new (current) camera system.
Please note that this is a HUGE scene (over 150m wide), so some detail is lost because the image size has been reduced to facilitate easier mailing.

• Accident Investigation
• Choose an Accident Investigator
• Motorcycle Accident Scene Investigations and Road Safety

Wheel Well is the only non-profit organisation that focus exclusively on road safety for children and has been featured on 94.7 Breakfast Express during October 2012, Transport Month.

• Keep the Car Seats for Kids campaign in the fore front with smaller monthly activations and bigger collaborations with Women in Road Safety and partners over Easter and December.
• Transport month with Imperial I-Pledge and Highveld in October 2013.
• Walk the Talk challenge carrying car seats for a distance.
• Start the ball rolling on research on the effects of collisions on children, the impact of morbidity on the family and gathering statistics on morbidity through an office at the CMI. Driver training for transporters of children.
• A documentary on road safety with the focus on children.

• Child Restraints and Road Safety

We have all driven past an accident scene or witnessed the flashing lights of an ambulance heading towards the scene of an accident or other medical emergency.

The first hour of response is most important and is commonly known as “The Golden Hour”. Emergency medical services have stressed the importance of the Golden Hour where a patient needs to be seen by a specialist within 60 minutes from his or her injury. Decisions taken during this time are extremely important to the final outcome for the injured patient.

Have you ever considered the importance of effective communication between those at the scene of the accident, the emergency call centre and the paramedics heading to the scene?

Questions:

We decided to raise a few important questions with our emergency medical partner ER24:

• How do paramedics communicate between the ambulance, on-scene responders/ attendees, ER24 office and hospitals..?
   
• When the paramedics traveling in the ambulance rush to the scene – what is communicated to them to best prepare themselves?
   
• Are they provided this information from the ER24 office or from the accident scene?
   
• Which information would be most important to them?
   
• How can people communicating from the scene best help the paramedics/?
   
• Once a patient is treated at the scene - what gets communicated from the scene  -? How are decisions as to hospitals, trauma assistance made and the next steps enquired?
   
• What are the tools of communication used?
   
• Any other information on communication that could assist readers to find more info?

Response from ER24

There are many ways emergency personnel can communicate with other emergency vehicles and/or their dispatch centers. One the most common ways is a two-way radio system. More often you will find that emergency services move away from your standard two-way radio communication and move over to a digital communication platform with more features. One such system is the PTT (Push-to-Talk) System. The benefits of the digital platforms are endless as the radio can double up as an instant message device or a cellular phone.

Some digital devices looks like a cellular phone and some of them still look like the conventional two-way radio, however the programming and features are completely different.

In the past emergency services provided local hospitals with a base station radio where they can listen in to communications and be aware if they are about to receive a patient.

Majority of the hospital base stations have been stopped due to the digital platforms. It is also more expensive to run these digital platforms but the voice quality and reception have increased dramatically from your normal line of sight and repeater based systems.

One of the downfalls of the old systems was that anyone could listen to the communication if they have the frequency and a programmable radio. Another reason why the base stations were removed from hospitals is the fact that there are so many different services in South Africa, that a hospital will end up with a full radio control room just to monitor the different channels.

Hospitals will now be notified of incoming patients via the Emergency Contact Centre over a recorded line.

Once a call is logged with the Emergency Contact Centre the caller will receive an acknowledgment SMS. The call is then digitally transferred to the dispatch agent for the area and the crew will be dispatched via SMS as well as two-way radio.

Information relayed to the crew would be anything that could prepare them, i.e. physical address, who the caller on scene is, landmarks, what is happening on scene, how many patients and a caller’s description of injuries on scene. This also helps in making informed decisions on what resources to dispatch.

The physical address of the incident is probably the most important piece of information as well as a crossroad and landmark if possible. It would be pointless to know what exactly is happening on the scene but you do not know where it is or where to go.

A caller should first state their name and surname and identify that they would like to log an emergency call such as an accident, heart attack etc. The second most important thing would be to provide your contact number in case the line gets disconnected. The emergency call taker can then contact the caller back.

The caller should state clearly where the incident is and give as much information about the location as possible, i.e. the accident is on the N1 highway approximately two kilometers before the Malibongwe off ramp in the direction of Roodepoort (or direction South).

The caller should also state how many vehicles are involved and how many patients they can see. Can they identify anyone that is trapped and if possible what type of vehicles are involved, is it a truck, motorbike, car, hazardous vehicle etc.

Paramedics that transport the patient from the scene relay an update through to the Emergency Contact Centre. The paramedics will identify the receiving hospital and the Emergency Contact Centre will then update the hospital on the patient’s condition on the scene. This does not always happen and is usually reserved for critical patients and helicopter requests.

What do we need to know about making that emergency call?

There is always the question of why call takers in the emergency service industry ask so many questions; and when do they actually dispatch emergency resources to the scene of an accident or other emergency.

We would also like to share some info previously shared on the Car Insurance Blog:

When you are faced with a medical emergency and require realhelprealfast you can phone 084 124 on 084 124 for fast and efficient emergency response.

When you place a call through to the ER24 24/7 Contact Centre, an automated voice response will greet you and identify the line as ER24 Emergency Services, this takes about five seconds.

The first available emergency call taker will then answer your call and request certain details of the incident in order to dispatch the correct resources to the scene.

The following information is essential for fast and effective emergency resource management:

• Identify yourself and provide a call back number
   
• Clearly state the nature of the emergency and how many people were involved.
   
• Provide an address of the incident:
   
• What is the name of the road where this incident took place?
   
• What is the building name or number where this incident took place?
   
• What is the closest cross road?
   
• What is the suburb?
   
• What is the province?

Callers should keep in mind that we are a national Contact Centre and therefore require the province and suburb names in order to clearly map the incident.

ER24’s Immediate Dispatch system is able to dispatch vehicles to the incident whilst the call taker is still on the line. Thus the call taker can keep on talking to the caller to reassure, calm or provide medical advice whilst an ambulance is already en route to the incident.

Conclusion:

We would also like to urge road users to better prepare themselves for an emergency and to equip themselves with lifesaving information.

Read more about emergency response on the crash scene by visiting the following sections:

How to handle an Emergency

Emergency Response Time

Introduction

Ever increasing numbers of drivers are discovering the benefits of driving with a GPS device! Unfortunately, as with most technology available, there is a right way and a wrong way to use the device. Assistance to drivers are provided not only from the fixed devices but all kinds of applications on a variety of devices in the line of sight which could potentially distract the driver!

A visitor to the Arrive Alive website raised the following request:

“GPS's have become a very reliable and must have device today. However, it amazes me the placement of these devices on the windscreen. I have seen devices placed in front of the driver mid windscreen, on top of the dash in front of the driver and in the field of vision and some other weird and wonderful places.

Could you do an article about the correct and safe placement of these devices?”

Motoring bodies confirm that there has been a lack of education for motorists on how to legally fix the GPS devices on a windscreen. It is not necessarily that drivers are not obeying the law –but more a matter of ignorance of the laws and being unaware of safety concerns about the incorrect placement of the device.

Benefits of the GPS Device for the road user /driver

Before addressing the concerns we would like to provide a brief overview of the benefits of driving with a GPS device for road user/ motorists:

• The use of a satellite navigation system improves driver behaviour in unknown areas, heightens alertness and reduces stress levels.
   
• An international study revealed that the use of a GPS device reduces the amount of miles driven by 16 percent and reduces travel time in an unknown area by 18 percent. GPS systems assist motorists to in identifying the location of features on, near, or adjacent to the road networks.
   
• These include service stations, maintenance and emergency services and supplies, entry and exit ramps, damage to the road system, etc.
   
• Motorists are alerted through a constantly updated database of accident blackspots, primary school zones, safety camera locations and other hazardous stretches of road.
   
• New developments include research to provide warnings to drivers of potential critical situations, such as traffic violations or crashes.
   
• GPS speed camera detectors help motorists drive within the local speed limits, ensuring safer and worry- free motoring.
   
• The use of a navigation system increases driver awareness and reduces stress
   
• Before setting out, the motorists adds his destination address on the system's in-dash touch pad, and within seconds, arrows on the moving map and a kindly woman's voice guide you on your way. Most systems even enable you to specify the easiest, quickest or most scenic route.
   
• Motorists also receive information on the current speed, average speed, maximum speed reached and estimated time to reach the destination.
   
• Real time traffic information is available and not dependent on road or weather conditions

Safety Concerns on GPS placement

Road Safety authorities have raised concerns about the incorrect placement of the GPS device.

"There is little doubt that poor placement of a GPS device can, and has, led to crashes in Queensland," Spokesman of the Royal Automobile Club of Queensland, Paul Turner said.

"If they are put in the wrong place, it can certainly lead to crashes and serious injury or death.”

The Royal Automobile Club of Queensland has pleaded with the Queensland government to stop drivers from putting GPS units in their field of vision. Concerns have been raised that many drivers are restricting their fields of vision and if you have a child on a bicycle at about bonnet line, the driver can't see in front of the bonnet.

Safety concerns are not only on the view or line of sight that may be obstructed. The incorrect placement and improper usage may also result in the driver fiddling with the device while driving leading to further driver distraction and resulting in road crashes.

Requirements not the same worldwide

It is important to recognize that the laws are not the same in every country or state. What applies in your country might not be legal when driving in another country. It is the duty of the driver to ensure that he knows the rules of the road of the country in which he is driving!

Australia

In 2011 Queensland police fined 84 motorists for driving without a clear view in all directions, which carries a $233 penalty. Police could however not say if any fines were for poorly placed GPS units.

USA: California

In some states in the U.S.A it is illegal to attach a device to the windshield whilst in some other states there are no laws prohibiting the driver from doing so. We also find in some states rather specific legislation prescribing what the legal positioning should be!

In California there is such specific legislation:

California Department of Motor Vehicles

V C Section 26708 Material Obstructing or Reducing Driver x2019 s View

Material Obstructing or Reducing Driver’s View

26708.  (a) (1) A person shall not drive any motor vehicle with any object or material placed, displayed, installed, affixed, or applied upon the windshield or side or rear windows.

(2) A person shall not drive any motor vehicle with any object or material placed, displayed, installed, affixed, or applied in or upon the vehicle that obstructs or reduces the driver’s clear view through the windshield or side windows.

(3) This subdivision applies to a person driving a motor vehicle with the driver’s clear vision through the windshield, or side or rear windows, obstructed by snow or ice.

(b) This section does not apply to any of the following:

...

(12) A portable Global Positioning System (GPS), which may be mounted in a seven-inch square in the lower corner of the windshield farthest removed from the driver or in a five-inch square in the lower corner of the windshield nearest to the driver and outside of an airbag deployment zone, if the system is used only for door-to-door navigation while the motor vehicle is being operated.

South African Law: The National Road Traffic Act:

Apart from the legislation around visibility and visual display units in Regulations 204 & 308B there are no specific stipulations pertaining to the display of devices on the windshield.

Driving view to be unobstructed

Reg 204. (1) No person shall operate on a public road a motor vehicle—

(a)    which is not so constructed and maintained as to afford the driver thereof a full and clear view of the roadway ahead and to his or her right and left when the vehicle is in use;…

Prohibition on use of television receivers and visual display units in motor vehicles

Reg 308B. (1) No person may operate on a public road a motor vehicle that has a television receiver or visual display unit in or on the vehicle operated while the vehicle is moving, or is stationary but not parked, if any part or portion of the image on the screen:-

(a) is visible to the driver from the normal driving position; or

(b) is likely to distract the driver or other road users;

(2) The provisions of subregulation (1) do not apply to the driver if:

(a) driving a bus and the visual display unit is, or displays, a destination sign or other bus sign;

(b) the visual display unit is, or is part of, a driver's navigational or intelligent driving aid; or

(c) driving a double deck bus having a TV monitor.

What do the Experts in GPS navigation advise about placement of the GPS device?

TomTom has always been committed to making driving safer. On the TomTom website we find the following advice:

“A TomTom device should be placed on your windshield in a position that does not block your view of the road in any way. At the same time you should be able to optimally use your device.

We advise that you mount your TomTom device as low as possible on your windshield. Your TomTom device should not be placed directly under your rear-view mirror.

With the Alternative Mount Kit accessory it is possible to mount your TomTom device in other positions, for example attached to your dashboard or ventilator.

Some athermic heat-reflecting windscreens and built-in windshield heaters block GPS signal reception. The TomTom External Antenna accessory ensures optimal GPS reception, and can be placed either inside or outside your car.”

Most safety experts also advise against placement of the device right in front of their eye line under their rear vision mirror. They advise to place the device either as low as possible on the windscreen or in the corner of the windshield between the driver and the driver side window.

Conclusion

When using and attaching the GPS Device to the windshield ask the following questions:

1.       Is it Legal?

This is the most important question. If it is not legal to attach the GPS device to the windshield when driving in a specific area you simply cannot do it! Enquire what the law stipulates and obey the law!

If you may not attach the device to the windshield consider using a dashboard mount.

2.       Is it Safe?

Once established what the law stipulates you need to ask whether it is safe to attach and position the device . This will include asking whether you have clear visibility and whether the device will in any way impede with your view to the road and other road users. Keeping your eyes on the road is essential to safe driving. Using a windshield mount that keeps your GPS unit visible--but just below your line of sight for driving is the best advice.

It is best to pre-set a destination on the GPS before the vehicle starts moving. In some cases, however, adjustments to the GPS may need to be made while driving. In these situations, make sure that the GPS is mounted within easy access range and in a place where the road is still visible. Making changes to a GPS while driving takes more attention away from the road than simply referring to the unit for turn-by-turn directions. Always consider rather stopping at a safe place to perform changes or ask a passenger to add the new destination or make the changes to the device on your behalf.

3.       Is it effective?

If legal and the attachment can be performed with safety in mind you also need to consider whether it would be effective and reliable. Will your GPS be able to find a signal and will you be able to find the information without major head and body movement from behind the steering wheel?

GPS units require position triangulation via satellites and placing the GPS unit on the dashboard, low on the windshield, or in a mount that raises the unit high enough to have an unobstructed view of the windshield will help with GPS reliability.

Also view:

GPS Navigation and Road Safety

GPS Technology and Purchasing a GPS Device

The South African Law on Seatbelts can be found in Regulation 213 of the National Road Traffic Act. The Act stipulates as follows:

Seatbelts

Reg 213. (1) For the purpose of this regulation—

(a) an adult is a person over the age of 14 years or taller than one comma five metres; and

(b) a child is a person between the age of three years and 14 years, except where such person is taller than one comma five metres.

(2) Any reference to a safety belt in these regulations shall be construed as a reference to a seat belt.

(3) (a) Motor vehicles which are required to be fitted with seatbelts in terms of the relevant requirements as contemplated in regulation 216, shall be fitted with seatbelts in accordance therewith.

(b) In addition to the requirements of paragraph (a), no person shall operate a minibus the gross vehicle mass of which exceeds 2 500 kg, unless seatbelts are fitted to the space on the front seat occupied by the driver, and if such front seat has seating accommodation for passengers, unless seatbelts are fitted for the driver and at least one passenger.

(c) No person shall operate a motor vehicle on a public road unless the seatbelts fitted to such motor vehicle are in good working order.

(d) Seatbelts fitted to a motor vehicle may only be removed for repair or replacement purposes and such motor vehicle may not be used on a public road while such seatbelts are being repaired or replaced.

(e) In addition to the requirements of paragraph (a), no person shall operate a minibus or midibus, first registered after 04 September 2006,operating in terms of an operating licence, unless seatbelts are fitted for every seat in the motor vehicle.

(f) the belt configuration for a seat in the rear of a motor vehicle shall be a 2-point belt or a 3-point belt, with anchorages in accordance with SANS 1430 : Anchorages for restraining devices in motor vehicles", and installed in accordance with SANS " 10168: Installation of safety devices (Safety belts in motor vehicles).

(4) No adult shall occupy a seat in a motor vehicle operated on a public road which is fitted with a seatbelt unless such person wears such seatbelt: Provided that the provisions of this regulation do not apply while reversing or moving in or out of a parking bay or area.

(5) No adult shall occupy a seat on a row of seats in a motor vehicle operated on a public road which is not fitted with a seatbelt, unless all other seats on such row which are fitted with seatbelts, are already occupied.

(6) The driver of a motor vehicle operated on a public road shall ensure that a child seated on a seat of the motor vehicle—

(a) where it is available in the motor vehicle, uses an appropriate child restraint; or

(b) if no child restraint is available, wears the seatbelt if an unoccupied seat which is fitted with a seatbelt is available.

(7) If no seat, equipped with a seatbelt is available in a motor vehicle the driver of the motor vehicle operated on a public road shall ensure that a child shall, if such motor vehicle is equipped with a rear seat, be seated on such rear seat.

(8) (a) A seatbelt shall comply with the standard specification SABS 1080 “Restraining devices for occupants of adult build in motor vehicles (Revised requirements)” and bear a certification mark or approval mark.

(b) A child restraint shall comply with the standard specification SABS 1340 “Child restraining devices in motor vehicles” and bear a certification mark or approval mark.

(9) The MEC may exempt a person from the provisions of this regulation on such medical grounds and under such conditions he or she may deem expedient.

(10) An exemption from wearing a seatbelt in a prescribed territory shall be deemed to be an exemption in terms of subregulation (9) for the period of validity thereof.

(11) The driver of a motor vehicle shall ensure that all persons travelling in such motor vehicle shall wear a seat belt as contemplated in this regulation.

Also view:

Seatbelt Safety

Child Restraints and Road Safety

Pregnancy and Seatbelts

Seatbelt Study

Introduction:

On the Arrive Alive website we find a detailed discussion on the importance of the windscreen for road safety. We emphasize the importance of visibility through the windscreen for roadworthiness of the vehicle as well as the importance of the windscreen for the structural integrity of the car.

It is important to note that not only a chip from a rock or other projectile could cause damage to the vehicle and reduce visibility through the windshield. Damage to windscreens typically falls into two categories; sudden impact damage and degradation or wear.

There are many other factors to consider and it is important to recognize which steps can be taken to ensure safety.

While windscreen repair is less expensive than replacement, if you wait too long, and the damage has time to spread, windscreen repair will no longer be an option. Remember that just because a windscreen is chipped doesn’t mean that it needs to be totally replaced. Thirty percent of the time a windscreen can be easily and effectively repaired before the damage worsens. The important thing is that, once a motorist notices a chip or a crack, it must be repaired as soon as possible, to prevent further damage that might impair visibility.

In the below chart we provide details on possible threats to windscreen safety as well as suggestions on how to address any safety concerns.

Diagnostic Chart: Impaired Visibility Through Windscreen
Problem	Description	Picture	Dangers	Remedy
Chip	Usually caused by an impact from a stone or other debris hitting the windscreen. Damage usually surrounds point of impact.		Can impair vision. Extreme temparature changes, vibration, shock or dirt and moisture getting inside can cause windscreen to crack. Can damage windscreen wipers.	Repair without delay.
Crack	Sudden impact damage to windscreen. Extreme temperature changes, shock, vibration or dirt and moisture getting inside a chip can also cause the windscreen to crack.		Can impair vision. Can weaken windscreen, lessening the windscreen's ability to protect the vehicle's occupants in case of a collision or the overturning of the vehicle. (Modern windscreens are an integral part of the syfety system of a vehicle - helping to keep the roof from crashing in.)	Some cracks may be repared. Otherwise, replace windscreen.
Delamination	One or both of the layers of the glass separate from the vinyl layer. It usually occurs when moisture gets between the layers that compose the windscreen		Can cause optical effects that impair vision. This can also impact negatively on the ability of the windscreen to help protect the occupants of a vehicle in case os an accident.	Replace windscreen.
Fog/mist	Varying inside and outside temperatures can cause fog/mist to gather on the inside of the windscreen.		Impairs vision.	Turn on the vehicle's demister. Use the felt  layer of a blackboard brush for a quick cleaning.
Frost	In cold days frost gathers on the outside of the windscreen.		Impairs vision. Can cause chips to crack	Cover windscreen with an old blanket when cold weather is expected. There are a number of products available that can be sprayed onto the windscreen to prevent the ice build-up. Stand alone heaters are also avalable that are specially designed to defrost the windscreen when positioned on the dashboard.
Gost image/ glare	An illusion that may appear to drivers as a result of dashboard being reflected in the windscreen.		Distracts driver and impairs vision.	Keep both the inside and the outside of you windscreen as clean as possible.
Haze	Occurs sometimes when wipers are used.		Impairs vision.	Clean windscreen with a soft cloth and white vinegar.
Milkiness	Occurs when the vinyl layer separates from the glass layers and start to return to its prelaminated state.		Can impair vision. Can impact negatively on the ability of the windscreen to help protect the occupants of a vehicle in case os an accident.	Replace windscreen.
Sandblasting	Sand and dirt particles abrade the windscreen surface over time.		It appears as sparkles that can reflect the sun or the headlights of approaching vehicles into the driver's eys.	Replace windscreen.

Conclusion:

It is always the best advice to approach the experts for advice. We would like to advise that you approach a reputable windscreen supplier for advice and a quote for the repair or replacement of your windscreen/ windshield.  They will also be able to process any glass repair or glass replacement insurance claims without hassle!

Also view:

Road Safety and Your Windscreen

Also view the following sections:

• Road Safety and Avoiding Windscreen Damage
• Vehicle Maintenance
• The importance of clear vision
• LLumar Window Film and Road Safety
• Shatterprufe and Road Safety
• Cracked Windshield, Safe Driving and the Law

Introduction

In some crash reports we are informed that the driver lost control of his vehicle after suffering “a medical episode”. This most often includes having suffered a heart attack, stroke, fainting etc. In this section we would like to investigate how blood pressure impacts on driver fitness and why maintaining a healthy blood pressure is important for safe driving.

Normal levels of blood pressure are particularly important for the efficient function of vital organs such as the heart, brain and kidneys and for overall health and wellbeing. Not only is blood pressure an important consideration for drivers, but also the recommended medication and possible side effects thereof.

Blood Pressure Medication and Driver Fitness

It is generally accepted that while high blood pressure can lead to heart attacks and strokes, low blood pressure can cause dizziness, blurred vision and confusion. All of these are dangerous conditions when focus is needed in dangerous activities such driving a motor vehicle.

There is medication available to treat both high and low blood pressure. Drivers who are aware of their abnormal blood pressure and who are using prescription medication should always be alert to the side effects of medication.

According to the New Mexico Department of Health, certain drugs can interfere with factors that are essential for safe driving, such as:

Coordination – needed for steering, braking, accelerating, and manipulating the vehicle;

Reaction time – needed to respond in time and appropriately deal with certain situations;

Judgment – helps with risk assessment, avoidance of hazards, and emergency decision-making;

Tracking – helps to stay in the lane and maintain the correct distance from other cars and obstacles;

Attention – ability to handle the high demand for information-processing;

Perception – needed for glare resistance, dark and light adaptation, and dynamic visual acuity.

The reactions caused by certain types of medication may include nausea, drowsiness, blurred vision, inability to think clearly, reduced coordination and diminished motor or judgment skills and can therefore impair your ability to drive.  These medications include over-the-counter medication as well as scheduled medication, prescribed by the doctor.

What is Blood Pressure and what would be a Healthy Blood Pressure?

Blood pressure is the pressure of the blood in your arteries. Blood is carried from the heart to all parts of the body in blood vessels. Each time the heart beats, it pumps blood into the vessels/arteries. The pressure of blood flowing through the arteries varies at different times in the heartbeat cycle.

You need a certain amount of pressure to keep the blood flowing. Your heart is a pump that beats by contracting and then relaxing.

• The highest pressure, known as systolic pressure, is the pressure when the beat or contraction of your heart forces blood round your body.
   
• The lowest pressure, called diastolic pressure, is the pressure between heartbeats when the heart is resting.

Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury (shortened to ‘mmHg’). A blood-pressure reading gives two numbers. The first number is the systolic pressure and the second is the diastolic pressure.

Your target is to have a blood pressure below 140/85mmHg (140 systolic and 85 diastolic). If you have diabetes, kidney disease, or disease of the heart and circulation, your target is below 130/80mmHg.5

There is no fixed dividing line between normal blood pressure and slightly raised blood pressure. However, the British Hypertension Society suggests that the ideal blood pressure is 120/80mmHg, and normal is less than 130/80mmHg.

What do we know about High Blood Pressure/ Hypertension?

Hypertension, also known as high or raised blood pressure, is a condition in which the blood vessels have persistently raised pressure. The higher the pressure in blood vessels the harder the heart has to work in order to pump blood. People with high blood pressure run a higher risk of having a stroke or a heart attack

If left uncontrolled, hypertension can lead to a heart attack, an enlargement of the heart and eventually heart failure. Blood vessels may develop bulges (aneurysms) and weak spots due to high pressure, making them more likely to clog and burst. The pressure in the blood vessels can also cause blood to leak out into the brain causing a stroke. Hypertension can also lead to kidney failure, blindness, rupture of blood vessels and cognitive impairment.

Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure equal to or above 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure equal to or above 90 mm Hg.

Many people who have high blood pressure don’t have any symptoms at all, so it very often goes undiagnosed.

Risk factors for the development of hypertension/ high blood pressure:

• Consumption of food containing too much salt and fat, and not eating enough fruit and vegetables
   
• Harmful levels of alcohol use
   
• Being overweight
   
• Physical inactivity and lack of exercise
   
• Poor stress management.
   
• Genes are another factor. So, if one or both of your parents have (or had) hypertension, you have a greater chance of developing it too.

All adults should know their blood pressure level and should also find out if a close relative had or has hypertension as this could place them at increased risk.

How can we prevent or minimize odds of developing high blood pressure and its adverse consequences?  

• Healthy diet
   
• Avoid harmful use of alcohol
   
• Regular physical activity
   
• Maintaining a normal body weight
   
• Stopping tobacco use and exposure to tobacco products
   
• Proper management of stress
   
• Monitoring blood pressure at home if feasible
   
• Checking blood sugar, blood cholesterol and urine albumin
   
• Knowing how to assess cardiovascular risk using a risk assessment tool
   
• Following medical advice
   
• Regularly taking any prescribed medications for lowering blood pressure.

What do we know about Low Blood Pressure/ Hypotension?

Low blood pressure – also known as hypotension – is when your blood pressure is below 90/60mmHg. This does not necessarily mean that there is a problem. In fact, people with low blood pressure generally tend to live longer than those with high blood pressure and even those with normal blood pressure.

Most people with low blood pressure don’t have any noticeable symptoms.  

Symptoms may however include:

• Low blood pressure can cause dizziness, blurred vision and confusion.
   
• The onset of dizziness can occur quickly, especially when standing suddenly. The resulting dizziness could result in a fall that could injure you. Also, fainting is a danger of low blood pressure. Fainting can result in serious bodily harm, resulting from a fall when going unconscious.
   
• Shock occurs when there is not enough blood reaching major organs, including the brain. The early signs of shock are lightheadedness, confusion and sleepiness. As the condition progresses, it will be difficult to sit up and not pass out. Shock can be fatal and should be treated immediately.

Low blood pressure could be an indicator of a more serious problem. Causes may include

• Blood loss
   
• Severe infection/sepsis
   
• Severe dehydration from vomiting, diarrhoea or fever
   
• Heat exhaustion or heat stroke
   
• Heart problems such as heart attack or heart disease
   
• Heart failure and faulty heart valves
   
• Severe allergic reaction
   
• Endocrine problems such as overactive or underactive thyroid
   
• Addison's disease
   
• Low blood sugar
   
• Diabetes
   
• Liver disease
   
• Severe allergic reaction, called anaphylaxis

Low blood pressure is sometimes associated with certain symptoms, many of which are related to causes rather than effects of hypotension:

• Chest pain
   
• Shortness of breath
   
• Irregular heartbeat
   
• Fever higher than 38.3°C (101°F)
   
• Headache
   
• Stiff neck
   
• Severe upper back pain
   
• Cough with phlegm
   
• Prolonged diarrhea or vomiting
   
• Dyspepsia (indigestion)
   
• Dysuria (painful urination)
   
• Adverse effect of medications
   
• Acute, life-threatening allergic reaction
   
• Seizures
   
• Loss of consciousness
   
• Profound fatigue
   
• Temporary blurring or loss of vision
   
• Connective tissue disorder Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
   
• Black tarry stools

How to manage low blood pressure

In most people there is usually no need to treat low blood pressure. Only a very small number of people need to take medication for it. Steps to managing low blood pressure would include:

• Making sure you are drinking enough fluids. This is especially important if you become sick or have diarrhoea, as these can both lead to increased fluid loss in the body.
   
• If you get postural hypotension, there are certain things you can do to avoid the problem – such as getting out of bed slowly in the morning, and using hand rails to support yourself when you get out of the bath.

Treatment: #NB Always contact a medical doctor for effective diagnosis and treatment

Blood Pressure and your Ability to Drive

High blood pressure has few symptoms and it should not affect your ability to drive. However, you should not drive if your medicines cause symptoms which affect your driving ability. If this happens, ask your doctor if he or she can change your medicines to prevent the symptoms.

Women need to have their blood pressure checked regularly throughout pregnancy, whether they have high blood pressure or not. Blood pressure usually falls in the first few months of pregnancy, even in women who have been diagnosed with high blood pressure.

High blood pressure can develop for the first time in pregnancy– a condition called ‘pregnancy-induced hypertension’. This may lead to a more serious condition called pre-eclampsia, which needs treatment with bed rest and drugs.

Blood pressure usually returns to normal after the pregnancy and the problem may not happen again in future pregnancies.

Professional Drivers, Blood Pressure and Disclosure

If you have high blood pressure then you should be able to drive a car or a motorcycle for personal use with no problem. There are however important considerations for professional drivers in many countries across the globe.

The medical standards for driving buses and large trucks and buses are much higher than for those driving a car or motorcycle. This is because the vehicles are much larger and heavier and because you may spend much more time behind the wheel, especially if driving is part of your job.

Commercial motor vehicle drivers have a greater propensity to develop hypertension than their peers in other professions. As the years of experience rise, part of the increase in hypertension may relate to accompanying aging, increase in body mass, or decline in physical activity.

If you have a licence to drive a large goods vehicle or passenger-carrying vehicle you will need to inform the traffic authorities if your blood pressure and medicines cause side-effects (problems) that could interfere with your ability to drive.

You may need to stop driving, find a different medicine and apply to renew your licence once your high blood pressure is under control. For example, beta-blocker medicines may cause you to feel dizzy or tired and if this happens to you, you may not be able to drive and, with your doctor's help, you will need to find another medicine.

If your resting blood pressure is consistently 180mmHg systolic (top or maximum number) or more and/or 100mmHg diastolic (bottom or minimum number) or more then you should not drive a bus or large lorry. The good news is that once your blood pressure has been lowered and is under control, you can then be re-licensed.

[This medical standard usually also applies to driving a taxi, manning a boat or ship with passengers or flying an aircraft with passenger]

Road Legislation in South Africa

The Road Legislation in South Africa is rather vague with regards to blood pressure and the ability to drive.

Section 15 of the National Road Traffic Act deals with the disqualification to drive resulting from medical conditions and disabilities, while Section 16 covers the procedure to follow:

Herewith an Excerpt from the Act:

Sec 15.       Disqualification from obtaining or holding learner’s or driving licence

(1)        A person shall be disqualified from obtaining or holding a learner’s or driving licence—

(f)         if he or she is suffering from one of the following diseases or disabilities:

(i)         Uncontrolled epilepsy;

(ii)        sudden attacks of disabling giddiness or fainting due to hypertension or any other cause;

(2)        The chief executive officer concerned may, if he or she deems it expedient and on such conditions as he or she may deem fit, declare that any person shall no longer be subject to any disqualification, suspension or cancellation by a competent authority referred to in subsection (1) (b), (c) or (d), respectively: Provided that in the case of any cancellation such declaration shall be subject to section 25 (9).

Sec 16.       Failure to disclose disqualification in respect of licence authorising driving of motor vehicle prohibited

(1)        No person shall, when applying for a learner’s or driving licence, wilfully fail to disclose any disqualification to which he or she is subject in terms of section 15.

(2)        Any person who—

(a)        is the holder of a licence authorising the driving of a motor vehicle in terms of this Chapter; and

(b)        becomes aware thereof that he or she is disqualified from holding such licence,

shall, within a period of 21 days after having so become aware of the disqualification, submit the licence or, in the case where it is contained in an identity document, that document to the chief executive officer of the province concerned.

(3)        When a licence is submitted in terms of subsection (2) the chief executive officer shall cancel it and if the licence was issued in a prescribed territory he or she shall notify the authority which issued it of the cancellation: Provided that if the chief executive officer is satisfied that the holder thereof is competent to drive the class of motor vehicle concerned with the aid of glasses, an artificial limb or any other physical aid, the chief executive officer shall, in the case where the licence—

(a)        is contained in an identity document—

(i)         not cancel the licence, but endorse the licence accordingly and such endorsement shall be a condition subject to which the licence is held;

(ii)        return the identity document to the holder thereof; or

(b)        is not contained in an identity document, issue or authorise the issue of a new licence in the prescribed manner reflecting the conditions on which it is issued.

Blood pressure and Car Insurance

Not only does the licensed driver have to disclose any hypertension or blackouts to the licensing authorities – the driver should also need to consider the vehicle insurance contract. A history of hypertension or blackouts will be deemed a material fact. If after an accident it appears that there has been a prior history of blackouts or hypertension that has not been disclosed such failure to disclose may be regarded as a breach of contract.

Conclusion

Driver error is blamed for approximately 85% of fatal road crashes in South Africa. The healthier the driver the better he/she will be equipped to remain focused, alert and able to reduce these driver errors or the threat of suffering “a medical episode”.

Also view:

Medication and Road Safety

Physical Fitness and Road Safety

Road Safety and Health

Pregnancy and Road Safety

Introduction

South Africans have experienced a significant increase in the transportation of goods on our road network. The rail industry is facing several challenges, thereby increasing the demand on logistics companies for the transportation of road freight.

All stakeholders in the road logistics value chain are aware of the problems concerning road logistics that affect their industries. The road infrastructure is deteriorating rapidly due to overloading and poor maintenance. Furthermore, the large number of accidents attributed to heavy trucks is unacceptable.

Both road safety and road infrastructure are public concerns subject to strict regulation by governments, particularly when abused. Overregulation, road deterioration and high accident rates pose a significant threat to the long term sustainability and global competitiveness of the road logistics value chain.

Transport authorities have recognized that we cannot only rely on traffic enforcement to keep our roads and all our road users safe! The Government's National Development Plan has identified Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) as being essential in helping to deliver safer roads.

The ability of Government to reduce the road accident toll depends also on building up local partnerships networks, ensuring quality planning and implementation of road safety interventions, including monitoring and evaluation of implemented strategies

Public private partnerships provide opportunities for businesses to participate in enhancing road safety and to share their vision and expertise in a variety of road safety strategies.

Definition of RTMS

RTMS is an industry-led, voluntary self-regulation scheme that encourages consignees, consignors and transport operators engaged in the road logistics value chain to implement a management system (a set of standards - SANS 10399:2012) with outcomes that contribute to preserving road infrastructure, improving road safety & increasing productivity.

This scheme also supports the Department of Transport’s National Freight Logistics Strategy.

Users of road haulage (consignors and consignees) and providers of road haulage (hauliers) have jointly developed strategies aimed at protecting the road network, improving road safety and transport productivity for the benefit of the country’s citizens and the industry itself.

The industry also recognises that poor compliance to transport regulations creates an unfair competitive environment. It is therefore felt that a self-regulation scheme is required to create standard rules for the industry, and that these rules should become the “business norm” – supporting principles of good corporate governance. It is for this reason that industry is leading this initiative, to ensure its quick adoption by all businesses participating in the road logistics value chain.

Furthermore, industry recognises its critical role in the economy’s growth. Efficient movement of goods between a country’s centres of production and its shipping ports boosts competitiveness in international markets. RTMS is one of the innovative and pro-active initiatives that will make this possible.

The reality of Overloading in the Freight Industry

• Heavy vehicles play an important role in the economy, and are expected to remain a common sight on our roads in the foreseeable future.
   
• The relative damage to the road caused by any heavy vehicle axle load can be related to the damage caused by a standard 80 kN axle load. This relation is exponential, in that an axle carrying double the legal load may cause from four to sixty times as much damage as one legal load.
   
• Road pavement structures are designed to carry a given number of standard axle load repetitions. Overloading reduces the design life of these structures.
   
• Overloaded vehicles are estimated to be responsible for R400 million of unnecessary road damage per annum.
   
• Transport operators can play an important role in selecting “road structure friendly” vehicles. Improved liaison and communication must be developed between road engineers and transport operations managers.
   
• The overloaded heavy vehicle is a traffic hazard especially regarding the vehicle’s braking system and the additional braking distance involved. This situation is further aggravated by steep downhill slopes and sharp curves in the road. Traffic accidents caused directly or indirectly by overloaded heavy vehicles are normally not included when the total cost to the country, caused by overloading, is calculated.
   
• All persons involved in the road transportation of goods, road pavement design and law enforcement should be made aware of the multifaceted impacts of road freight transport and overloading.
   
• Operators that continually overload their heavy vehicles affect the ability of operators that do not overload to compete on equal terms in the transport market [Compiled by: CSIR, Roads and Transport Technology]

What are the Key Focus areas of RTMS in the Freight Industry?

• Overloading
   
• Speeding
   
• Vehicle maintenance
   
• Driver hours
   
• Reckless driving
   
• False licenses (vehicles & drivers)
   
• Load securement
   
• Bribery & corruption

RTMC and Bus Operators

RTMS not only applies to the transportation of goods but also to passenger transport by our bus companies.

“This standard is intended for all bus and coach operators. It is applicable to all types of operations including tourists, inter -city, urban and rural commuter, school, cross border, organised parties and other dedicated services – all sizes of operations”. Ref: SANS 10399-2012

Role players to consider include:

• Government shareholders
   
• General public
   
• Passengers and other road users

It is important to recognize the focus of RTMS in addressing amongst bus operators the following:

• Passenger optimisation
   
• Driver wellness
   
• Vehicle maintenance
   
• Productivity

– Quality management of the operator processes

– Quality of the operator product

The RTMS Heavy Vehicle Management System

It is envisaged that the National Heavy Vehicle Management System will have standards on:

Loading

• Weight assessment systems
   
• Load optimisation and monitoring at consignee, consignor and transport operators
   
• Load securement

Driver Wellness

• Working conditions
   
• Social Health issues (especially HIV and Aids)

Vehicle Operations

• Vehicle maintenance
   
• Training standards for operators (NQF)
   
• Advanced continuing training in: Driving, Vehicle operations and safety, Fleet management, Specialised vehicles

Productivity

• Data confidential to participants unless otherwise agreed (without prejudice)
   
• Encourage broader participation at an industry level - measurement allows industry to put pressure on non-complaint transport operators;
   
• Direction may be determined by National Standard requirements
   
• Use the data for value addition and research

Components of RTMS

It is envisaged that RTMS will offer support for implementation of the following components:

National Standards

• Reviewed regularly and in line with latest technology and legislation

Auditors

• Accredited by SANAS

Tools

• Manuals
   
• Templates
   
• Implementation guidelines

Information portals

• Website for information dissemination
   
• Data sharing among participants
   
• E-reporting facility

Recognition and Concessions

• Recognition for participants
   
• Agreements with various partners on concessions for RTMS certified companies

Promotion

• Brand promotion to create meaningful recognition among public and industry stakeholders - branding allows certified operators to be recognised by road authorities, customers and the public.

Special projects

• Co-ordination of projects that are selected by the RTMS stakeholders and are aligned to RTMS objectives

Research and technology

• A new programme aimed at research and technology innovation.

What gives the RTMS credibility and value?

–Stringent adherence to:

• Legal payloads
   
• Speeding
   
• Driving hours
   
• Maintenance practices
   
• Documentation Control
   
• Training and education
   
• Risk assessment

What are the RTMS Standards?

1.            The National RTMS committee has compiled a five year strategy document, detailing the long term vision and goals of RTMS. This document can be downloaded at: Road Transport Management System

2.            The following documentation pertains to transport operators, consignors and consignees:

• ARP 067-1:2007 (Road Transport Management Systems Part 1: Operator Requirements – Goods)
   
• ARP 067-2:2008 (Road Transport Management Systems Part 2: Consignor Requirements – Goods)
   
• ARP 067-3:2008 (Road Transport Management Systems Part 3: Consignee Requirements – Goods)

These documents can be purchased at a nominal fee from Standards South Africa:

Tel: 012 428-6883

Email: sales@sabs.co.za

Web: www.sabs.co.za

Benefits of RTMC as experienced by Logistics Company Barloworld

• Formal framework for all existing operational and technical protocols

Areas where improvements have been seen:

• LTIFR – reduced from 2008 (4.9) to 2012 (0.3)
   
• Driving hours – 0.58% (all not at risk)
   
• Maintenance practices – 100% compliance
   
• Risk assessment – internal risk audit score over 90%
   
• Being self-regulating has been well received by current and potential customers

Contracts have been awarded to BWL because of good internal risk and operational protocols and RTMS helped to bring this together.

Post RTMS accreditations have been obtained for the transportation of explosives and chemicals. The RTMS framework covers over 80% of these audit requirements.

The benefits are starting to come through in cost saving in all areas of our daily operations

Transport operators who invest in becoming RTMS accredited are recognised for their commitment to responsible business through a series of concessions.

Current RTMS Status [June 2013]

• RTMS ARP’s have been converted to a SABS standard (SANS 1395)
   
• SANS 1395 is closely aligned to ISO 39001
   
• RTMS section 21 company will be registered shortly
   
• Additional auditors will be accredited through SANAS
   
• RTMS boards will be changed on an annual basis and will reflect the year in the back – ground
   
• Back office will be set up during 2013
   
• 5 RTMS workshops planned for 2013
   
• Special workshop to be held for the bus industry
   
• Currently over 3600 vehicles fall under RTMS (In 2007 when RTMS started 74 vehicles were accredited)
   
• SADC Cross – border RTMS project will be run shortly in conjunction with South Africa, Zimbabwe and Zambia. On a portion of the North – South corridor

Conclusion

On-going accreditation is subject to the successful completion of annual surveillance audits, which is why it's imperative that an operator implements RTMS in a sustainable manner. This also ensured the commitment of operators to continually achieve the objectives of improved road safety, the reduction of road crashes, optimised payload efficiency, maintenance of roadworthy vehicles and improved driver wellness and training.

RTMS certified operators have dedicated plans in place to focus on any areas of concern which will ensure continual improvements and enable them to maintain the highest standards in the industry for continued compliance.

Also view:

RTMS Website

Overloading and Road Safety

Fleet Management Logistics and Road Safety

Vehicle Telematics, Accident Investigation and Fleet Management

Introduction

Most road crashes are preventable through greater attention to driver and vehicle fitness. On the Arrive Alive website we strive to provide more information on both driver and vehicle fitness. In the section titled Brakes, Braking and Road Safety we discuss our ability to bring our vehicle to a stop in an emergency situation.

We also make reference to different braking systems. In this section we would like to discuss the Anti-lock braking system and what we need to know to use this effectively!

What is ABS?

ABS [Anti-lock braking system]is an automobile safety system that allows the wheels on a motor vehicle to continue interacting tractively with the road surface as directed by driver steering inputs while braking, preventing the wheels from locking up (that is, ceasing rotation) and therefore avoiding skidding.

Four-wheel ABS is a safe, effective braking system when used properly. It offers an important safety advantage by preventing the wheels from locking during emergency braking situations, allowing drivers to maintain control over steering and operate vehicles more effectively. To take full advantage of the maximum safety benefits drivers must learn how to operate their ABS correctly. The National Safety Council shares the following recommendations. 

How do I know whether my car has ABS braking?

Most new car models offer ABS as either standard or optional equipment. There are different ways to find out whether your car has an antilock brake system:

• Read your owner's manual
   
• Check your instrument panel for an amber ABS indicator light after you turn on the ignition.
   
• When you buy, lease or rent, ask your dealer or car rental Company.

Effective Vehicle Maintenance Needed for Safe Braking

Do cars with ABS stop more quickly than cars without?

ABS is designed to help the driver maintain control of the vehicle during emergency braking situations, not make the car stop more quickly. ABS may shorten stopping distances on wet or slippery roads and many systems will shorten stopping distances on dry roads. On very soft surfaces, such as loose gravel or unpacked snow, an ABS system may actually lengthen stopping distances. In wet or slippery conditions, you should still make sure you drive carefully, always keep a safe distance behind the vehicle in front of you, and maintain a speed consistent with the road conditions.

Do and Don’t with ABS

Do the Following

• Keep your foot on the brake.

Maintain firm and continuous pressure on the brake while steering to enable four-wheel ABS to work properly. Avoid pumping the brake, even if the brake pedal is pulsating. In light trucks that are equipped with rear-wheel anti-lock brakes, however, the front wheels can still lock up the same as conventional brakes.

If that happens, the driver should ease up on the brake pedal with just enough pressure to allow the front wheels to roll again so you can steer.

• Allow enough distance to stop.

Follow three seconds or more behind vehicles when driving in good conditions. Allow more time if conditions are hazardous.

• Practice driving with ABS.

Become accustomed to pulsations that occur in the brake pedal when ABS is activated. Empty parking lots or other open areas are excellent places to practice emergency stops.

• Ask yourself - What does the vehicle's owner's manual say?

Consult the vehicle's owner's manual for additional driving instructions on the antilock brake system.

• Know the difference between four-wheel and rear-wheel ABS.

Four-wheel ABS is generally found on passenger cars and is designed to maintain steer -ability in emergency braking situations. Rear-wheel ABS, found exclusively on light trucks, is designed to maintain directional stability and prevent the vehicle from skidding sideways

Do Not:

• Drive an ABS-equipped vehicle more aggressively than vehicles without ABS.

Driving around curves faster, changing lanes abruptly or performing other aggressive steering manoeuvres is neither appropriate nor safe with any vehicle.

• Pump the brakes.

In four-wheel ABS equipped vehicles, pumping the brake turns the system on and off. ABS pumps the brakes for you automatically, at a much faster rate, and allows better steering control.

• Forget to steer.

Four-wheel ABS enables drivers to steer in emergency braking situations, but the system itself does not steer.

• Be alarmed by mechanical noises and/or slight pedal pulsations while applying the brake in an ABS-equipped vehicle.

These conditions are normal and let the driver know ABS is working.

Tips for driving with ABS

Always "brake and steer" when using four-wheel anti-lock brakes. With ABS, all you have to do is "brake and steer". With four-wheel ABS, push the brake pedal while steering normally and keep your foot firmly on the brake pedal until the car comes to a complete stop. Don't take your foot off the brake pedal or pump the brakes, because that will disengage the anti-lock system.

Remember that you can steer while you are braking with four-wheel anti-lock brake systems. Steer clear of hazards while keeping your foot firmly on the brake pedal. Be aware that your vehicle will not turn as quickly on a slippery road as it would on dry pavement.

Drive safely, because your anti-lock brakes are only as good as the driver using them.

Anti-lock brakes cannot compensate for driving faster, more aggressively, or maintaining unsafe following distances. They cannot guarantee recovery from a spin or skid prior to an emergency braking situation. Avoid extreme steering maneuvers while your anti-lock brake system is engaged.

Expect noise and vibration in the brake pedal when your anti-lock brakes are in use.

These sensations tell you the ABS system is working properly.

Anti-lock brake systems can stop more quickly than conventional brakes on wet paved surfaces and on icy or packed snow-covered roads. Stopping distances can be longer on loose gravel or freshly fallen snow, although drivers won't experience the lock-up of the wheels usually associated with conventional hard braking. Therefore, drivers will still have the ability to steer around objects in front of them—such as another car.

Know that there is a difference between four-wheel and rear-wheel ABS. Four-wheel ABS prevents wheel lock on all four wheels giving the driver improved control over steering. Drivers of four-wheel ABS cars should step firmly on the brake in an emergency stopping situation and keep their foot on the pedal.

In light trucks that are equipped with rear-wheel ABS, however, the front wheels can still lock up the same as with conventional brakes. If that happens, the driver should ease up on the brake pedal with just enough pressure to allow the front wheels to roll again so the driver can steer.

How can I familiarize myself with ABS?

Read your owner's manual for more details on the complete operation and benefits of ABS. The antilock brake system is speed sensitive, and will not activate at very slow speeds. One way to familiarize yourself with the operation of ABS is to test drive the vehicle at a speed above which the ABS activates (usually above 10 mph [16km/h]) in an unobstructed parking lot and apply the brakes firmly. It is easier to activate the ABS on a wet and slippery road surface. The antilock system should prevent the wheels from skidding. Pulsation may be felt in the brake pedal and you may hear a clicking sound. Avoid pumping the brake, even if the pedal is pulsating.

[Recognition to the National Safety Council for info on safe braking with ABS]

Also view:

Brakes/Braking and Safe Driving

Introduction

On the Arrive Alive website we find several pages with advice and safety recommendations for our bikers and motorcyclists and we advice them to remain focused on enhancing their skills on the road. We thought that the best way to create additional awareness is to have a discussion with an experienced advanced riding trainer and enquire about his concerns for our bikers. With this in mind we raised several questions with Hein Jonker from Bike Talk.

Hein – can you give us a brief overview of how long you have been a biker and how long you have been involved in the training of motorcyclists?

I’ve been riding motorcycles, on and off, for the last 31 years since I was 14. Starting off on a mining community learning from a friend, stupidly riding around in the bush without helmet or gear exploring and hunting. My first introduction to training was in Rhundu, during my military service in 1987-1988, when certain officers were issued with Honda XL350R motorcycles. That’s where it really started. Since then I’ve made the effort to stay in touch with learning and developing new skills whenever I had the chance, and sharing what I have learned with my friends. Officially I only started training other riders in 2004, and then on a more permanent basis when I started Bike Talk in January 2006.

What term do you prefer – Bikers or Motorcyclists and why?

Bikers like to be called Bikers, and Motorcyclists called Motorcyclists. There is a perception that Bikers are the Patch-wearing riders, whereas Motorcyclists are the more private individuals who prefer not to be part of a club or gang. Both are enthusiasts in their own right, have a common interest, and that is to ride motorcycles. In some instances a negative or bad stigma is attached to the term “Biker”, given that by Joe Public due to some bad experience or run-in with a motorcyclist. The public has a general perception of bikers drinking, jolling and fighting, and rebellious at times needless to say a mind-set that needs attention. Personally I prefer the more neutral term “Motorcyclist” as apposed to “Biker”, whereas “Motorcyclist” is a less intimidating term resulting from the passion of the sport and the rider who lives it through motorcycling.

How important is experience for the safety on the road of bikers?

I always say to my students, “Training teaches you the technique to obtain the skill and when applied, gives you the confidence to gain experience.” It is true that the wrong experience can have a lasting and negative effect, but when corrected through training will have a positive impact on not just the rider but other road users too.

Would you deem continued training and advanced riding courses as important for bikers and why would you say so?

Learning something from a book or video is one thing but will never top the practical guidance from the eye of an expert. I always suggest to riders that they need to do a refresher course, on an advanced level, each time he or she buys a new bike or at the very least once a year and most certainly after an accident or incident. Even an instructor should submit himself to frequent training workshops, learning and developing new skills and methods of instructing. You are never too old to learn, learning new and honing existing skills increases confidence, making you a clear thinking and safer rider. Life cover is not enough, training is more important; why claim it if you can avoid it.

What do you believe are the contributing factors to most road crashes involving bikers?

I’ve been invited a number of times for talks or presentations on motorcycle safety, and in some cases after a club or group has lost a member in an accident. Most riders are very quick to blame the other road user or road condition, so the very first question I ask is “What speed was the rider travelling at?” or “Has he or she had any training?” At this very point I see faces turning grim, not wanting to acknowledge the truth in these types of questions. I would have to say speed is the biggest contributing factor to most accidents, along with rider error failing to respond or avoid such an accident at the speed he or she was travelling at due to a lack in skill. A common discussion among “bikers” is how fast their bikes can go, and when asked how fast he or she can come to a safe stop at that speed, a facial expression nothing short of a jaw-dropping “Huh?” explains why we have so many motorcycle fatalities on our roads today.

Is the inexperienced biker much more dangerous than the overly confident experienced biker?

I feel that the inexperienced rider poses a bigger threat to himself, travelling at slower than normal traffic flow due to fear as apposed to the overly confident rider, who poses a bigger threat to other road users due to his riding attitude. The inexperienced rider will most likely want to learn more where the overly confident rider would not. Too much of a good thing never lasts; it spoils and rots away because it is not nurtured. Too much confidence without discipline makes you an arrogant rider; an attitude we certainly don’t need on our roads.

What are the most common mistakes you find amongst bikers coming to you for training – and how can this be rectified?

I would have to say, Forward Observation. Speak to any rider travelling from point A to point B, asking him to give you details of his trip regarding obstacles, road signs, road surface, traffic, etc. and you will learn that they have missed most of it; even the experienced rider fails this test. Riders sit in traffic with their minds elsewhere, either occupied where they are coming from or where they are going to, and hardly ever where they’re at in that moment. Riders are often guilty at looking but never seeing; there’s a difference. My advice is that every ride, however short it might be, should be a learning experience. The rider should name, in his helmet out loud or in his mind, every pedestrian, vehicle or obstacle he approaches before it becomes and emergency. The acronym S.E.E. (Search, Evaluate, Execute) must be applied to live and ride another day.

Can you give us a brief overview of what a day of training for bikers would be like?

Across the different levels we have on offer, any training experience should be exciting, educational, and life changing. Training must never be fearful, never dangerous but always with the person’s life and safety in mind. In the end we want riders to come back for more learning, and be willing to call on us at any time for advice or guidance. Learning must be a lasting experience!

Do the skills required to ride different sizes and makes of bikes differ significantly from one another?

Oh yes! You might be able to ride a 125 and jump on a 250 without a refresher course, but you will surely need some guidance getting off a 250 and on to a 600. There are a vast amount of motorcycle types, and riding a sports bike does not mean you can ride a big cruiser with the same skill. The handling and power dynamics, due to the type of motorcycle, changes a lot and requires an adjustment process each time you change. A longer wheelbase motorcycle, typically a cruiser, will steer differently to that of a short wheelbase, typically a super sport motorcycle. Even the riding position, handlebar, seat height, throttle-brake-clutch response, centre of gravity and foot control setup can drastically change the way you control the motorcycle. The rider needs to be made aware of these items, and trained in how to manipulate them for a positive riding experience each time.

What would the best advice be to a biker who buys a bike that is different from the one he used to have?

Speak to a professional motorcyclists or instructor, stay away from friends or family with bad habits, and attend a refresher course depending on the level of training required. We often get people attending our courses who have ridden 20 or so years ago, looking at buying or already bought a new bike and wanting to take up riding again. Hats off to them! On the other hand, we often hear of riders who have ridden a 750 or 500 many years ago and now want to buy a 1300 or bigger, without considering any training or refresher course. “What would my friends think? I can do this!” Technology changed my friend, more than you could handle! Note to the prideful and aged; there is no shame in learning, but learning after the crash might be a little too late.

What are the most important considerations when riding a bike on urban roads compared to rural and open road biking?

Location, time, and route! Know where you are riding; learn what you can expect in this particular area you are about to ride in and if you don’t know, find out! No good has ever come from anyone riding blind. Knowledge of the area, route, road conditions, weather, traffic and time of day, etc. are but a few points to consider before heading out. This applies to any type of road: urban, rural, or the open road. Clearly the term “Urban Jungle” has to mean something, and surviving in any jungle will require the right attitude, gear or tools and skill. Things such as lane position, following distance, covering levers with fingers and feet, observations, safety zone and letting other road users know of your presence are of utmost importance. Where you stop, how you stop, what to look at before moving off from a Stop sign or traffic light, avoiding vehicle clusters and blind spots are equally important. I always try and travel a route by car, in a more relaxed setting, to learn of road conditions and other factors before I ride the same route on a motorcycle. This is not always possible but should be considered where possible; it’ll make a huge difference. The other option is to change your route on a regular basis, preventing yourself from falling into a habit of same-old; this is when you stop learning. A new route creates a more focussed riding experience, and most of the time a safer one.

What would the best advice be to female bikers - are there aspects that they need to be especially aware of?

Female riders are often handed down a motorcycle from a husband, friend or family member. Female riders are at times pressured in to keeping up with the husband or group. The best advice I can part with for female riders is: ride your own ride, take your time to learn, and don’t let anyone tell you that it’s not important if you feel it is. With the right training, you can ride any bike a male rider can ride, take your time and trust your senses!

What would be the 3 most important pieces of equipment / personal protective equipment you simply cannot do without?

This is difficult as you cannot really compromise on any part of riding gear, but if you have to I’d say a good quality and well-fitting helmet, motorcycle jacket and full-finger motorcycle gloves. I strongly believe that when skin is exposed it should be covered; even the part of your neck between your jacket collar and helmet. I know budgets are tight at times, and riders want to get the best value for their money; next time ask the dealer selling you the motorcycle to include quality riding gear in your finance deal. There is always a way!

Which piece of personal protective equipment do you believe is most often neglected by bikers?

Everyday I come across riders who own expensive motorcycles but ride around wearing “spit bowl” helmets, or cheap scrap I wouldn’t let my dog wear. The very first questions I ask are, “Without your brain, can your body function?” and “How much do you value your head?” Often I see the rider with a good quality helmet, but his wife/girlfriend/child is wearing a cheap piece of scrap he picked up for R500 or less. Where’s the love in that?

Open-face helmets offer no protection to the lower face or jaw area, yet there are some without a visor. “Spit bowl” helmets are worse as they offer no protection at all, maybe stopping a bird from pooping on your head but no protection on the side or back of the head. Why bother? Don’t get me started on brands; there are some expensive helmets on the market that are still well below the required standard. Most new riders gaze upon the decals and artwork of the helmet, completely ignoring or missing the safety aspect and the dealer is just too happy to sell the customer what he wants. Buy the gear first then the motorcycle.

What is the most important advice for motorists to assist in keeping our bikers safe?

Turn the volume down on the radio, tell the kids to shut-up, leave the phone in your pocket or bag and look for people on motorcycles. This work both ways, as “Sharing the Road” cannot be done by a single party; to share takes two people or more. Car drivers can be a little more focussed by what’s going on outside their vehicles and less distracted by what’s happening on the inside. If I have to single out a solution it would be that every car driver should ride a motorcycle first before driving a car. I’ve had people for training, and after having completed the course told me that their whole driving a car strategy has changed for the better. They are now more aware of motorcyclists than ever before.

If there are a variety of training centres in an area – what do the bikers need to look for or enquire to ensure that he finds professional advice to keep him safer on the roads?

You can have the best course content or venue and still have bad instruction. Here are a few pointers when shopping for a riding school:

1. Visit their training venue and have a chat with the instructor/s to get a feel on their reception.
2. Talk to past students, getting feedback on their training experience.
3. Look at the course offering and ask for possible references.
4. Visit their website to find out how they operate, take bookings, etc.
5. A photo speaks volumes, so be sure to look for a photo gallery of past training days.
6. Talk to dealers and ask what they think of the training school. They won’t send you to a bad training school, it will reflect badly on them.
7. And lastly, check if their certification carries any weight with regards to accreditation or endorsement by insurance companies.

Are there any aspects not addressed through these questions that you believe need to be shared from your perspective?

I think every genuine instructor would feel the same way when advise is given, then ignored just to see the student involved in an accident getting hurt or worse, killing himself because anxiety and peer pressure got the better of him. There is no rush people; it is not as if the bank is going to take your motorcycle the next day, take your time and learn from your mistakes the moment you make them.

On a different note, and to first-time riders, start off with a smaller motorcycle like a 250, do a beginner level course using a training school motorcycle, then a second level course using your own motorcycle before heading out into the jungle. Ride and gain experience for about 4 – 6 months or 2000km before booking your K53 motorcycle test. Go for the license course and when you get your full license, then only consider upgrading to a bigger motorcycle. It is easier to do the test on a smaller motorcycle and it gives you time to ride for experience without being intimidated by the size or power of your ride.

Always ride inside your skills limit; the moment you ride outside your comfort or skills zone you are putting yourself up for disaster.

Answers kindly provided by:

Hein Jonker | Editor and Senior Instructor

Bike Talk | Motorcycle Magazine, Academy & Events

Tel. 0861 BIKETALK/24538255 | Fax. 0866 4898 55

Also View:

• Bike Talk
• 101 Steps to Motorcycle Safety
• Motorcycle Safety and ATGATT
• Motorcycle Safety

Introduction

In discussions on road safety we pay special attention to the most vulnerable of road users. On the Arrive Alive website this includes the reference to pedestrians, cyclists and bikers. We have discussed in detail the safety of the elderly road users with reference to them as drivers in a section “Road Safety and the Elderly”. There is often a misconception as to the dangers posed by elderly road users. Our Elderly drivers use their experience and awareness of physical challenges to be more focused and are generally much safer than the overly confident younger drivers!

Elderly motorcyclists – Do they pose a significant threat to Road Safety?

In the post “Motorbike Safety through the Eyes of the Instructor” we find advice and suggestions on the importance of continued training and also refer to the skills required for improved safety amongst our motorcyclists. It is important to recognize that it is not only the younger generation that enjoys spending time on motorbikes on the open road –but so to our older motorcyclists! Are there special considerations that older motorcyclists should keep in mind? We raised the following questions with Instructor Hein Jonker from Bike Talk

Is it ever too late to learn how to ride a motorcycle?

It is never too late to learn to ride a motorcycle, good health permitting. The oldest person I trained was a 65-year-old lady who wanted to get her license and go ride a scooter with her daughter in the countryside in the UK – and she did. I’ve trained many older people in the past; they seemed wiser than the “itching” riders of today’s youth. Vast numbers of older folk, with their children leaving home or having done so already, have always dreamt of riding a motorcycle but life and other more important circumstances have occupied their time, and now grasp at the opportunity to get a motorcycle and live their lifelong dream. It might take a little while longer for some, but there’s no harm in doing it the right way. Age and mid-life crisis is a myth, and they have the motorcycles to prove it.

Would you have special recommendations or suggestions for older riders?

Young or old, training is important, and so is a motorcycle license. In South Africa, if you are 60 and older, you will have to obtain a doctor’s certificate stating that you are still “running on all 6-cylinders” before going for your K53 Motorcycle Test – they will not test you without one. Another reminder is that you are no longer a child, so use your wisdom well and know that your senses, muscles and reaction time might be a little delayed compared to what it used to be. Broken or fractured limbs take longer to mend after an accident, so take special care in selecting good quality gear. Lastly, you have nothing to prove anymore, especially at your age; enjoy motorcycling for what it is and let the others around you race to get the t-shirt.

Physical strength or endurance is also part of the dusty old furniture, so take your first few riders slow, and do a few short rides before taking on an epic cross country trip. Maybe take up some exercising, go walk the dog or something but don’t think riding a motorcycle doesn’t demand some level of fitness. When your body gets tired, so will your focus and senses. You’ll feel it after a day in the saddle, listen to your body!

Are there specific things older riders should avoid doing?

If there’s one thing you as an older rider should avoid, is your friends telling you to “Just get on the bike and ride”, or worse “I’ll show you a few things”. The phrase “You can’t teach and old dog new tricks” is nothing more than dumb and ignorant. I’ve been to a talk at a local motorcycle club (no, I’m not going to say who they were), but this aged Englishmen stood up and said to me, “I don’t need any training, I’ve been riding for over 50 years.” So I invited him on an Advance Rider Course at no charge and told him that, at the end of the course, if he feels he learned nothing he didn’t have to pay me a cent. He finished the day with his club mates and walked up to me with cash in hand and said, “Lad, your course will save my life one day. Thank you!” He is now the biggest promoter of training in the club.

Answers kindly provided by:

Hein Jonker | Editor and Senior Instructor

Bike Talk | Motorcycle Magazine, Academy & Events

Tel. 0861 BIKETALK/24538255 | Fax. 0866 4898 55

Also view:

Motorbike Safety through the Eyes of the Instructor

Road Safety and the Elderly

Introduction

Many licensed drivers have never driven on gravel roads or are inexperienced and unprepared for the unique challenges when doing so. This inexperience and lack of safety awareness result in too many fatal crashes and injuries on gravel roads in our rural areas. We must equip ourselves with the knowledge and skills required to adjust our driving behaviour when moving away from tarred roads to gravel roads.

What is Gravel Road?

To consider safe driving techniques on gravel roads we need to start with a better understanding of the nature of gravel roads. Gravel is small, broken-down rock material. It can be obtained from a number of sources, such as rubble from a quarry, or from naturally occurring deposits in the earth. Particle size is generally no bigger than 2 cm in diameter. It is used as a base material in the construction of roads, buildings and other structures. On less trafficked roads, it is not viable to seal the road with bitumen, concrete or other materials, so the road is left with a gravel surface.

We need to keep in mind that not all gravel roads are the same. You can safely go much faster on a gravel road that has much of the loose particles swept off it and is wide, flat, hard and smooth, than you can on a bumpy track with plenty of marble-like rocks comprising its surface. A driver has to remain focused at all times on the specific road surface he is driving on.

Challenges to Safe Driving on Gravel Roads

Many drivers encounter problems when they leave a paved surface for a gravel one. Gravel roads present their own unique challenges to safe driving and should be approached with caution each and every time the driver encounters one! If a driver is not aware of these challenges and how to address them he/ she will have a formula for trouble.

• The Environment and Unique Roadside Challenges

When travelling on gravel roads in rural areas and farm country it is not only the road surface you need to be aware of. You are more likely to encounter broken fences next to the gravel roads as well as wildlife and livestock such as cattle and sheep on the roads.

You can expect to share the roads with a variety of other unique road users such as tractors, grain trucks, quad bikes, cyclists etc.

Most gravel roads are narrow, but still accommodate two-way traffic, without the aid of a centre line. Some have a soft, sloping shoulder – or none at all.

Photo by: Denese Lups
 

• Unpredictability of the road surface

Construction materials, weather, traffic volumes, and vehicle weights can change the condition of a gravel road very quickly. The road you travel tonight may not be the same as the road you travelled in the morning…

• Visibility and Dust

Visibility can be an issue due to the dust clouds kicked up by your vehicle, by those travelling ahead or even from the farming activities next to the roads. Dust will impede your visibility significantly. It is however not only the dust but also the loose gravel and pebbles that poses a risk. Flying stones are a hazard to be aware of, especially if you don’t want to lose a headlight, or windshield.

• Weather Conditions and Rain

Rain plus gravel equals mud. Mud is like gravel, except much more slippery. The mud you have to be most cautious of is the fine layer of mud that can form on the surface of the road during rain. This mud works as a lubricant between the tyres of your car and the hard surface of the road underneath. If the rain is really heavy, it may just turn the road into a soft muddy surface that could easily entrap you.

• Increased risk of roll-over

If a vehicle drifts too far to the side and the tyres go off the packed surface a roll-over can easily result from driving off the gravel surface.

Safe Driving Techniques on Gravel roads

What are the best safe driving suggestions to follow when driving on a gravel road?

• Control your speed:

High speed and quick manoeuvers on gravel roads are ingredients for disaster. Even really well-maintained gravel roads tend to have rough sections and loose gravel that require lower speeds – Most accidents can be prevented simply by slowing down.

Your vehicle will handle differently when it moves from one surface to another. The gravel may be loose or it may be hard-packed; you want to know how your vehicle handles before you speed up. Bly slowing down you will make cornering safer, and braking distances will be reduced.

Accelerate and brake slowly and reduce your speed when approaching intersections, curves and hills. Always drive at a speed that allows you to stop easily for any hazard. Be considerate as well! As you approach other vehicles, slow down and move over to the side so you can pass each other safely.

The best way to reduce crashes is simply to take it slow.

• Stay in tracks:

When you’re driving on gravel, it’s generally a good idea to drive in existing tyre tracks worked into the gravel even if there’s only one set of tracks in the centre of the road. If you’re climbing a hill or see a vehicle coming in the opposite direction be prepared to slow down and pull over to side.

·         Maintain effective following distance.

Even if the visibility is good and the road is hard-packed, stay at least six seconds behind other vehicles and allow enough time and space. This reduces the danger from a cloud of dust obscuring vision or flying rocks damaging headlights and windshields.  Increase this distance when conditions are less than perfect and rain or dust reduces your visibility.

• Be ready for skids.

A vehicle can become difficult to handle in heavy gravel and may skid. If you begin to skid, remain calm. Take your foot off the gas or brake, look where you want to go and steer in that direction. Resume driving at a lower speed.

• Know your  tyres and be aware of reduced traction

Less traction means less control. The major difference between driving on gravel and driving on a sealed surface is that there is much less grip on gravel. This is because gravel is a loose surface. The wheels have a greater tendency to slip, which affects the driver's control of the vehicle. In real terms, this means that safe cornering speeds are reduced, and braking distances are increased.

The single most important variable (vehicle-wise) is the tyres. The most effective tyres on gravel are those with a chunky tread pattern, similar to what is found on an off-road vehicle. The large tread helps to clear away the looser gravel particles and grip on the harder, more stable parts of the road. Wider tyres are more effective than thinner tyres, since grip increases with the area of the contact patch of the tyres.

• Steer  Safely

It is important to drive “smoothly”. Due to the lower amount of grip on gravel, a car can respond unexpectedly to sudden inputs from the driver. If you turn the steering wheel sharply one way, the tyres don't have enough grip to change the direction of the car, so the wheels may point one way, but the car ploughs ahead. Maintain your focus on steering the vehicle with both hands on the steering wheel and avoiding sudden movements. This also requires that you avoid driver distractions.

• Be Cautious when Overtaking

There is a need for special caution when overtaking on gravel roads. There are no road markings to indicate whether the stetch of road is safe to overtake and you may not be aware of others roads and farm entrances from the side. Do not assume that the vehicle or farming equipment ahead of you is roadworthy or that it will indicate before entering a side road. Only overtake on a long stretch of straight road where visibility is clear and the vehicle ahead is aware of your presence. 

• Keep to the side of the road and check for visibility

Keep to the left as you approach and go around corners. If someone comes the other way at high speed, you might not have the time to safely move to your side of the road.

Gravel can be very dusty, especially in dry weather conditions. When you pass a car coming the other way, there might be a short period where you are enveloped in a cloud of thick red dust lifted up by the other car and can't see anything. This can be particularly nasty if you are, or are about to, go around a corner. Always remember - If you cannot see you should not drive!

Photo by: Denese Lups

Losing control and making an Emergency Stop

Even the safe and focused driver may find him in the position where he has to make a sudden stop in an emergency while driving on gravel. What would the best advice be in an emergency?

• It is most important to remain calm and keep both hands on the wheel so you are in control of the vehicle –do not fight the vehicle!
   
• If your vehicle does begin to skid, don’t hit the brakes. Take your foot off the accelerator, stay calm, look where you want to go, gently steer in that direction and keep driving at a lower speed.
   
• Try not to make the mistake that causes a lot of accidents on gravel roads: over-correction.
   
• Accidents occur when the driver tries to correct the movement of the car, losing control and eventually crashing not on the side of the road they were originally headed towards.
   
• To straighten up your vehicle when it is sliding sideways, steer out of the slide. This means steer in the direction of the forward side of the vehicle.
   
• Don't be afraid to use the entire width of the road (unless there are other cars around), it's easier to slide gently over to the wrong side of the road than it is to try and wrestle the car into line on the correct half of the road.
   
• While you try to steer out of the slide, ease off on the accelerator and maybe gently apply the brakes.
   
• Remember, you don't want to do anything too suddenly.

What if I cannot avoid the crash?

• If you cannot avoid the crash you should try to crash in a way that will minimize damage to yourself and other passengers. You don't want to be brought to a sudden stop. This will hurt you the most.
   
• If given the choice between a single large tree or a fence, 20 metres of loose scrub and then a ditch, choose the latter. It will stop you slower.
   
• If you must hit something, hit it with the front of the car. The front of a car is designed to cop the brunt of a serious collision.
   
• Once you have stopped, it would be wise to get out of the car if you can, as with all that fuel and heat around, there is a chance of a deadly fire.
   
• Be careful if you have to pull other people out of the car, you may be worsening possible spine injuries.

4x4 Vehicles and driving on Gravel

For the safest drive on gravel a four-wheel drive system is always desirable. This lessens the effects of oversteer and understeer that become apparent in rear-wheel or front-wheel drive. Front-wheel drive cars behave more predictably on gravel.

On the Arrive Alive website is a rather comprehensive section on 4x4 Off-Road Driving Techniques & Safety. We would like to urge road users to visit this section and also pay close attention to the page titled 4x4 Sand Driving Safety.

Conclusion:

Always drive within the limits of your ability and experience. Do not assume that you know how to drive on all road surfaces. Be a safe driver and a cautious driver!!

Also view:

Safe Driving on Safari

Driving near Veld and Forest Fires

4x4 Off Road Driving Techniques & Safety

Introduction

The U-Turn remains one of the most dangerous driver manoeuvres on roads worldwide. Paramedics respond daily to severe trauma from crashes that could have been prevented had it not been for the hasty decision to make a U-turn in traffic.

We all know U-turns are illegal most of the time - drivers are putting their own lives and the lives of other road users at serious risk when doing so at the wrong place and in the incorrect manner. In this section we want to focus on the U-Turn in an attempt to create awareness that could prevent many further crashes.

Why is the U-turn such a dangerous driving manoeuvre?

The consequences of an accident caused by U-turns are often fatal. It is an unexpected manoeuvre and usually does not allow time for the faster moving vehicle to change course and avoid an accident.

The U-turn requires a street wide enough for the driver to complete the manoeuvre. The U-turn is especially risky because the driver needs to cross lanes of traffic to complete the manoeuvre. Run-under crashes, where a vehicle runs under a truck turning across a road, are some of the most devastating crashes. Where trucks do not have the prescribed reflective materials and tape required for greater visibility, this threat is increased.

What does the Law stipulate?

Whether you regard it as safe to make a U-turn at a specific location does not matter if the law stipulates that it is illegal! The first question when considering a driving manoeuvre is to ask – “Is it legal?”

The rules of the road and traffic legislation governing a U-Turn are not the same across all countries. It is important to know the rules of the road where you are driving and to obey the road signs and markings.

Just because there is no sign indicating that a U-turn is illegal, does not mean that U-turns are permitted. Even when there are no signs clearly prohibiting a U-turn you can expect to find it illegal on most roads at the following locations;

• On a curve where approaching traffic from either direction cannot be seen for a distance of at least 150 metres.
   
• Within 30 metres of a railway crossing.
   
• At undivided highways. A U-Turn is not legal on a controlled access highway except through an opening provided for that purpose in the dividing curb section, separation or line.
   
• Within 150 metres of a bridge, viaduct or tunnel where the view of traffic is limited.
   
• U-turns are prohibited in no-passing zones and one way streets.
   
• In front of a fire station
   
• At an intersection where there is a traffic light.

The Road Traffic Act in South Africa has specific legislation making it illegal to make a U-Turn on a highway.

Regulation 297 Driving on divided public road

Reg 297.

(1)          Whenever any public road has been divided into two or more roadways

by means of an intervening space or by a physical barrier or dividing section so constructed as to impede vehicular traffic, no person shall drive a vehicle upon such public road except upon the left hand roadway, unless directed or permitted by an appropriate road traffic sign or a traffic officer to use another roadway.

(2)          No person shall drive a vehicle on, over, across or within any

dividing space, barrier or section referred to in subregulation (1), except through a constructed intersection: Provided that no person shall so drive through such constructed intersection where such driving is prohibited by an appropriate road traffic sign or by a traffic officer: Provided further that the provisions of this subregulation shall not apply to a traffic officer in the performance of his or her duties.

Road Engineering to prevent U-Turns

Road Traffic Legislation in South Africa

Regulatory road sign R213 prohibits a U-turn where the sign is displayed.

No Crossing line

Painted Island

How can we avoid the U-Turn?

Making a U-turn is not an acceptable driving technique and should only be performed when legal and then only as a last option. There may however be much safer options when you find yourself heading the wrong way. It should not be necessary to inconvenience other drivers or place anyone at risk by making U-turns.

Below are two methods drivers can use to help get back on course instead of making a U-turn:

1. In urban areas, find a safe area to turn around - Find an area where a driver can safely turn around without endangering anyone. An open parking lot is an excellent spot to turn around.
    
2. On the highway, circle back through other roads - Roads are interconnected. If a driver happens to miss a turn, chances are a turn or off-ramp exists a few kilometres ahead. Use them to get safely back on track.  

It is much safer to turn away from the road you are travelling on at a turn-off, to make the turn there and then head back to the busy road, using traffic signs at intersections!

Performing a safe turn-off and then re-entering the traffic safely out of harm’s way will only add a minute or two to your travel time.

If a U-Turn is legal, how should it be performed safely?

A U-Turn is a dangerous manoeuvre yet every driver has done a U-turn at some points in his/her driving life. When legally permitted it should only be performed with proper consideration to vehicle positioning, turning radius, oncoming vehicles, and the width of the roadway.

Never underestimate the skill required to do a U-turn especially in difficult traffic situations.

 
Crash Scene after Illegal U-Turn

Where is the best place to make a U-Turn?

It is always best to take a turn-off away from the busy and faster traffic. To find a safe location for the U-turn consider the following:

• There must be no traffic signs or markings on the road prohibiting such a U-Turn
   
• The roadway must have at least 150m in both directions of unobstructed view with no vehicles approaching.
   
• A U-Turn should not be obstructing free traffic flow
   
• Your vehicle should also be clearly visible to others who might be approaching
   
• The street or road must be sufficiently wide enough to perform the U-Turn efficiently and safely
   
• Always consider the weather and road conditions before making a U-Turn.
   
• Factors such as rain, fog and mist may reduce visibility for all road users and slippery road surfaces from rain or snow may require longer braking distances for approaching vehicles.

How should I make a U-Turn?

If You HAVE to make a U-turn, we would like to advise the following:

• Avoid making U-turns near twists and turns in the road or at an uphill – rather drive a few hundred metres further where you are able to do so safely.
   
• Be sure that you have enough room to make the turn without hitting the curb or any parked cars or other hazards at roadside.
   
• Never take for granted that your vehicle is seen or that your indicators are in working order.
   
• Switch on the turn signal that indicates the direction of your turn.
   
• Check for traffic in both directions
   
• Be patient – Rather wait a few minutes to ensure that you have open road in both directions to perform the turn.
   
• Be mindful that if you cannot complete the turn, the 3 point turn will leave the vehicle stationary for longer and increase the risk.
   
• Press the accelerator lightly while turning the steering wheel as far as it will go in the direction you want to turn.
   
• The speed must be swift but responsible as you coast through the turn.
   
• Do not stop if you have enough room to turn completely.
   
• Accelerate into the new target area, check mirrors.
   
• Be considerate and don't become an obstruction.

Warning to Other drivers

We would like to extend a word of caution as well to other drivers who are heading in the right direction, not having to make a U-Turn!

When approaching a vehicle parked at the side of the road, slow down and be cautious – expect the unexpected. We need to remain alert to the eventuality and risks of the vehicle ahead changing direction without indicating its intention!

Conclusion

A U-Turn is sometimes described not only as a dangerous but also a selfish manoeuvre. Do not correct your own mistake on the road by endangering the life and limb of other road users!

Remember to be considerate to other drivers, be careful and obey the rules of the road! If you must do a U-Turn - Do it carefully. Drive safely and Arrive Alive!
 

[Recognition to input from Gavin Hoole Learner's & Driving Licence Test Info www.K53.GavinHoole.ws]

Also view:

Traffic Signs and Road Safety

Safe Driving Techniques and Road Safety

On the Arrive Alive website we provide information on road safety in an effort to educate and encourage safer road behaviour. This includes not only sections of content developed with the intention to provide safety advice – but also sharing the reality of road carnage and the trauma taking place on our roads daily.

Motorists are witnesses to crash scenes and ambulances heading to these scenes daily, and many of them try to find more information about these crashes on the internet. Emergency medical services share reports from these crash scenes to the major media agencies and news about these crashes can be found online and in the printed media.

In the media there is often an attempt to attract as many “eyeballs” and interest as possible. Media agencies need the traffic to sell advertising space and remain financially sustainable in a highly competitive environment. This adds to the risk that crashes and road accidents will be sensationalized to generate interest, attract more readers and then improve sales and advertising revenue. This sensationalism can be easily created in the headline to a story or a photo depicting the brutality or horrific nature of a nasty crash.

In our efforts to create awareness of road safety we need to be responsible and ethical. Our emergency medical response services have the same obligation towards road victims. In this process we are confronted by several questions, such as: What do we share? What do we not share? Does it benefit road safety if we share these crash reports – and more specifically – in the manner that we do and by using the visuals from the scene?

We decided to share insights to these crash reports by raising several questions with our road safety partner and emergency medical services provider ER24:

Can you take us through the process of how a crash reports gets to the media – by sharing:
 

At what time is data collected and by whom?

Information on the incident is obtained as soon as possible. This means that we try and get information from an available person on scene, but should all resources be busy treating the injured, we would wait until a source becomes available. Our patient treatment is of utmost importance and we therefore consider this to be our first priority. Once a crew is available to provide information, we start the process of release immediately after. Verifying information is extremely important to us - we obtain information from various sources to ensure as factual a release as possible.

At what time is the report drawn up and placed “into the system” and emailed?

We provide short “sound bites” as soon as we obtain enough information on the scene for a brief overview of the incident. Written information is sent out in most instances within an hour of the incident taking place, but updates could be sent after that should the duration of that incident be for an extended period of time.

Do the paramedics share their account of what happened to a central media or communications person?

Official written statements are sent from an official spokespeople.

Do any of the personnel receive media or social media training?

Some of our staff has had social media training and they will be responsible for their branch twitter accounts. ER24’s main twitter handle is update by the trained communications team.

What are the mediums used for media exposure – i.e. –website, blog, etc.?

We use the main social media platforms and blog to provide information. A banner on our official releases will have buttons on which to click in order to visit the various sites on which we offer information. Should you wish to obtain our releases, please email your details to media@er24.co.za (journalists and media agencies only)

What are the biggest concerns with regards to media reports? How important is it to use the words “allegedly”, “witnesses reported that”, “It is believed that”?

Our biggest concern is the release of false information and private information pertaining to patients. Due to the nature of our business, we regard patient confidentiality extremely highly and do not provide information regarding an individual patient or matter of privacy to the public.

Having witnessed many crash scenes and read many reports from many different service providers- what to you believe are the biggest concerns for professionalism and ethical reporting?

We are completely against sensationalism of information. Reports are of a factual nature and should we not know an exact detail we are not afraid to say so. We also do not sensationalise the nature of injuries of our patients and value the fact that our communications team are all qualified intermediate life support practitioners knowing the difference between minor, moderate, serious and critical injuries.

In terms of ethical reporting, despite being registered journalists, we ensure that all photos and written releases maintain our patient’s confidentiality.

Do you believe that there is value for road safety in sharing photos from the scene of the crash?

Most definitely! The more people visualise the road carnage in photos and reports the more we believe there may be even a subconscious effort for people to drive with more care.

Do you sometimes share a road safety message or some advice in the report?

We often post messages of road safety and awareness on our social media sites, and where we see trends we will write and release full articles with advice for safer roads.

What should the photographer avoid sharing – will you share registration numbers or actual bodies - and if not why not?

We always blur out registration numbers of vehicles, patient faces and remains of patients. Again we refer to the patient confidentiality and in attempt to prevent immediate recognition of a person or vehicle we blur these items. This does not always prevent recognition, but should someone need more information they are encouraged to contact the police for information on the crash and queries as to the occupants involved.

Blurring or cropping the remains of victims from our photos even when covered with the foil blanket, we are trying to protect the victims’ family, and we are trying to prevent sensationalism and sharing of our pictures for reasons of sensationalism.

Is it important that crash victims not be identified via the photos of crash reports before notification to families can take place?

It is extremely important for us, and this is why we make a great attempt to make the photo about the crash and not the victim. Because of our large number of followers on our sites, this cannot be completely avoided as we do state the whereabouts of the crash and the vehicle make is seen, but it must be emphasised that we care about each and every individual that our paramedics treat or have to declared dead, and our posting of photos of accidents is not in disrespect for those involved but to make attempts to prevent these types of accidents affecting other families.

Where can the public follow ER24 and emergency reports from across South Africa?

We have an open door policy at ER24 and we encourage people to express their views as to what we do and how we do it. It must however, be understood that we provide information for a reason, and we do it in a manner that does not go against our ethics and professional standards.

Our work is in emergency medical care, but we have a public responsibility to try and curb the horrific number of fatal and serious crashed on our road by sharing the knowledge we gain through those calls that we attend.

Conclusion

Where several emergency services respond to a crash scene it is especially important to keep the focus on the safety and well- being of the patient. We are beyond the days of “get the picture and send the report because nothing else matters”. An important guideline often followed by the medical response services when providing us with reports from the crash scene is to maximize truth-telling and to minimize harm.

Reporting and capturing the crash scene visually is about communicating – and communicating about life includes the reporting of bad things such as crash scenes and trauma. As long as the photographer or reporter do not glorify the negative or sensationalize it, but portrays it as the scene unfolds, it can make an important contribution towards communicating a safety message as well!

[ A word of appreciation to Vanessa Jackson from ER24 for the kind assistance]

Also view:

Trauma counselling and Road Safety

Notification of death after a road crash

Accident scene safety

Introduction and Risks

Nobody knows when the need may suddenly arise to change a tyre at the side of the road. It can happen at any time, on any road and in any weather. Despite our safest driving behaviour we simply cannot predict when we will suddenly hear the flapping sound of a flat tyre.

We may have the option of calling for roadside assistance, but it could take an hour for the nearest recovery vehicle or mobile tyre fitting service to arrive. This may leave you sitting stranded in the cold in an area you might rather prefer getting away from.

Car manufacturers have made changing a tyre a simple process that all of us should be able to perform - it is however necessary that we are informed and prepared to do it in a manner that does not compromise our safety or that of our vehicles.

In this section we would like to familiarize ourselves with the safest procedure to follow when changing a tyre. It is always best to know beforehand how to change a tyre!  

Before the Trip/ Vehicle Maintenance / Tools needed

The first step towards changing a tyre safely is to be prepared. It's a good idea to get your car serviced before heading out on a road trip. Part of the check-up should include a look at the tyres and the spare tyre in the boot of your car! Your spare should be in perfect condition – the correct pressure, good tread and showing no signs of deterioration.

Look for any unevenly worn spots, or skimpy tread. If the tyres are iffy, rather replace them. It's better to start out on a trip with tyres in a good condition than have a blow-out in the middle of nowhere.

Rotating your tyres at manufacturer's recommended intervals can prevent a common problem when changing a flat. Sometimes the wheels will seize to the hub, resulting in great difficulty in removal of the flat tyre. If this happens, you will need a sledge hammer or piece of wood to remove a seized wheel rim. Rotating your tires will prevent this from happening when you do have to change a tyre. Go for regular wheel balancing and wheel alignment!

If you haven't changed a tyre before, consider a training run. Choose a dry day, a flat surface and when you've got plenty of time. Familiarise yourself with the points underneath the vehicle where the jack needs to be placed. Inspect your gear thoroughly – make a point to do it at each car service – and replace anything that’s worn, rusted or out-of-date.

What are the tools you may need to change a tyre?

Check your owner's manual to familiarize yourself with all the tools made available by the car manufacturer. It only takes a few minutes to make sure you have all the tools, and you'll save yourself a big headache later if you find yourself on the side of the road with a flat.

You will need the following to change a tyre safely

• Spare tyre
   
• A simple jack
   
• Lug nut wrench or tyre iron (to remove and tighten the lug nuts)
   
• Sharp knife, screwdriver or cutters to remove cable ties if these are used to hold wheel trims in place
   
• Tyre blocks [to keep the vehicle from moving –usually does not come with the car but a good idea to purchase some]
   
• Emergency warning triangle / A set of cones

You may wish to have the following available to you as well:

• Flashlight (with extra batteries)
   
• 60cm pipe to add leverage when turning the wrench (Especially for the ladies)
   
• Gloves –Changing tyres can be hard on the hands and make them rather dirty
   
• Tarp or mat to kneel on
   
• Plastic rain poncho /High visibility reflective vest
   
• Tyre gauge
   
• Water, wet-wipes or a cloth for those dirty hands
   
• Money if you need to pay for a call-out!

The most important however to have with you is lots of common sense and safety awareness!

The Importance of a Safe Location for a Tyre Change

The most important consideration is safety awareness with regards to your location and the threats posed by traffic around you! There are hundreds of people killed each year while changing a tyre on the side of the road. When you get a flat tyre it’s normally at the most inconvenient time and place possible. You could be in the dark, the rain, or on the side of the highway.

• Be aware of your surroundings.
   
• Find a safe place to pull over -This should be a flat, stable and safe place to change your tyre.
   
• If you're on a busy road, be particularly wary of vehicles driving by that might get too close.
   
• Get as far off the road as possible –The further you can move away safely the better.
   
• Do not park the car where you leave yourself exposed to passing traffic while working.
   
• Don't try to change a wheel on soft, loose or uneven ground.
   
• You need a solid, level surface that will restrict the car from rolling or collapsing off the jack.
   
• Don't attempt to change your tyre on a hill –the car may roll and visibility of other road users may be restricted.
   
• Don't park in the middle of a curve, where approaching cars can't see you.
   
• Shut off your engine and engage the parking brake.
   
• Put the car into "Park" position -If you have a standard transmission, put your vehicle in first or reverse.
   
• Turn on your emergency flashers (hazard lights).
   
• Don't try to change a wheel with adult passengers still in the car.
   
• Move everyone to a place of safety, well away from the vehicle and road surface. Be careful of small children running around out of sight. [They may need to be kept buckled in within the car]
   
• Secure the keys to your car safely in your pocket.
   
• Place the emergency warning triangle or traffic cone at a safe distance behind your vehicle to warn approaching vehicles of your presence at roadside.

Don’t step out onto the road. If it’s dark, you’re unsure if you can change it yourself, or you’re a female travelling alone it might be a good idea to call for roadside assistance anyway.

Step by Step Guide to changing Tyres

Even though vehicles may differ in many aspects, the tyre change required for nearly all passenger vehicles should include the following steps:

Loosening of lug nuts

• Get the tyre block in place or place a heavy object (e.g., rock, concrete, spare wheel, etc.) against the front or back tyres to block possible vehicle movement forward or backwards.
   
• Gather everything you need from the boot including the spare tyre and the jack.
   
• Find the correct spot to lift the car with the jack from solid, stable ground. Ensure that the jack is in contact with the metal portion of your car's frame.
   
• For most modern cars, there is a small notch or mark just behind the front wheel wells, or in front of the rear wheel wells where the jack is intended to be placed.
   
• Don't try to use the jack anywhere other than at the specified jacking points as indicated in the manual – attaching the jack in the wrong place can cause damage to the car and/or risks it collapsing when lifted.
   
• Raise the jack until it is supporting (but not lifting) the car. The jack should be firmly in place against the underside of the vehicle. Check to make sure that the jack is perpendicular to the ground.
   
• Remove the hubcap/wheel cover and wheel trims, if there are any, and loosen the lug nuts.
   
• To prevent theft your wheels may have locking nuts, which won't fit a standard socket. Check for a locking nut and the correct socket.
   
• Use the lug nut wrench to loosen all the lug nuts (lefty-loosey / counter clockwise), but don't remove them just yet.
   
• Use the wrench that came with your car or a standard cross wrench. Your wrench may have different sizes of openings on different ends. A correctly-sized wrench will slip easily over the nut, but will not rattle.
   
• It can take quite a lot of force to break your lug nuts free. If all else fails, you can use your body weight or stomp on the wrench (be absolutely certain you are turning it the correct way - counter clockwise).
   
• A cross wrench will give you much more torque than a standard single-handled wrench.
   
• Don't take them all the way off and just break the resistance. Having the wheel on the ground means that you're turning the nuts instead of the wheel.

Lifting the Car with the Jack

• Lift the car with the jack. Use fluid, even strokes when lifting the car.
   
• You need to lift it high enough to remove the flat tyre and replace it with a spare – the spare may need a bit more clearance to fit than the flat tyre needs to be safely removed.
   
• As you lift, make sure that the car is stable. If you notice any instability, lower the jack and fix the problem before fully lifting the car.
   
• If you notice the jack lifting at an angle or leaning, lower and reposition it so that it can lift straight
   
• Never put your body underneath a car lifted by a car jack in case the vehicle slips off.

Removing the Tyre and fitting the Spare Tyre

• Take off the loosened lug nuts and put them to the side –Secure them safely so they will not scatter and roll away –especially in the dark.
   
• Remove the flat tyre- Do so slowly using both hands, lifting the wheel (on or off) with your hands in a 'ten minutes to four' position (or 'ten minutes past eight' if left-handed)
   
• Never place your hands directly under the wheel, or put your leg or any part of your body under the car while it's jacked up.
   
• Place the flat tyre under the vehicle so in the event of a jack failure the vehicle will fall on the old wheel, hopefully preventing injury.
   
• This will also ensure that the tyre doesn't roll away from you.
   
• Glide the spare tyre onto the tyre bolts, pushing it back as far as it can go.
   
• Take care to align the rim of the spare tyre with the wheel bolts, and then put on the lug nuts.
   
• Tighten the nuts by hand as much as you can (righty-tightly / clockwise) until they are all snug. They should turn easily at first.
   
• Put the lug nuts back on the tyre bolts in an alternating star pattern.
   
• Using the wrench, tighten the nuts as much as possible using a star pattern. To ensure the tyre is balanced, don't completely tighten the nuts one at a time. Going in a star pattern around the tire, one nut across from another, give each nut a full turn until they are equally tight.
   
• Avoid using so much force that you risk upsetting the jack. You will tighten the lug nuts again once the car is down and there is no risk of it falling.

Lowering the vehicle

• Remove the flat tyre from underneath the car.
   
• Slowly lower the vehicle and remove the jack.
   
• With the car back on the ground, you can now tighten the lug nuts.
   
• Rather than tightening them one by one in order, start with one lug nut, tighten it about 50%, move to the opposite nut (across the circle) and tighten that one about the same amount.
   
• Keep tightening opposite lug nuts gradually in turn until each lug nut is as tight as it can be.
   
• When loosening and tightening the nuts, arrange the cross wrench so that you are pressing down (with gravity). This will remove risk of injury to your back and also allow you to use your body weight rather than just your arm strength.
   
• Press on the end of the wrench for the best leverage. You can even use your foot, but make sure to keep your balance and steady yourself against the car.

Clearing the scene

• Once the lug nuts are tightened, put your flat tyre and tools back in your trunk.
   
• Make sure you don't leave anything on the side of the road.
   
• Collect your emergency triangle or traffic cones
   
• Only turn the hazards off when you re-enter the traffic.

What to do after the Tyre Change

Re-enter traffic safely and drive with extra caution. Even though you may have reason for confidence in your tyre changing abilities, rather be on the safe side heading to your destination.

Many spare tyres aren't designed for long-term use or for maximum speeds. Exceeding appropriate speed can cause problems, including failure of the spare tyre. It is best to drive slower than normal and immediately head to a tyre dealership or repair shop to find a replacement tire.

As you drive keep in mind that your tyre might not be fully inflated and your wheel balancing and wheel alignment might be distorted.

Also view:

Tyre Safety and Safe Driving

Wheel Balance, Wheel Alignment and Safe Driving

Run flat tyre technology and Road Safety

Vehicle Recovery and Road Safety

Images Source: wikihow.com

Our top rally drivers are not only the best drivers on the race track, but also the most cautious in traffic. They are very much aware of the risks to safe driving and many of them are sharing their expertise at safe driving academies across South Africa where they share their expertise with the lesser experienced drivers.

It is important that we share this advice with our readers on the Arrive Alive website as well! ToyotaCare has made available videos with advice from these experts on a variety of topics needed for safer driving.

ToyotaCare Road Safety - Tyres

ToyotaCare Road Safety - Getting Ready for the Road

ToyotaCare Road Safety - Driving

ToyotaCare Road Safety - Accessories

Also view:

• Advanced Driving and Road Safety
• ToyotaCare
• Driver Instructor Insight
• Better Road Manners
• Toyota Advanced 4x4 Training Programme
• Toyota Defensive Driving Training Programme

Introduction to Cruise Control and Safe Driving

Advances in automotive engineering and technology provide us with both safety and comfort features in modern day vehicles. One such feature is our ability to put the vehicle in cruise control. With driver error blamed for so many car crashes it is important that we are fully aware of how to use these features and devices correctly and safely.

There has been quite a bit of debate on the benefits and risks associated with driving a vehicle with cruise control. Engaging cruise control in any road situation that is less than optimal is ill-advised – but what are these conditions and how can we benefit from cruise control without compromising on safety?

There have been a few urban legends in the online media about vehicles with cruise control “aquaplaning”. There is however no inherent factor in the cruise control mechanism itself that could lead to a hydroplaning vehicle speeding up and flying through the air.

In this section we would like to take a closer look at cruise control and find the truth about driving with cruise control. We need to know how cruise control functions, what the benefits and risks are and how and when to use or disengage speed control!

What is Cruise Control?

Cruise control can be used to automatically control the speed in your vehicle without keeping your foot on the accelerator. You are able to manage the speed of your car with your fingertips whilst still keeping control of the vehicle through the steering and braking. Cruise control was developed as a comfort and convenience system rather than a safety system

While cruise control systems and components may differ, each is equipped with similar functionality. The speed of the wheels is constantly being measured and fed into a cruise control system that regulates the engine's output. The cruise control systems are deactivated upon application of the brake pedal, which are usually deployed in emergency situations.

The basic features of most cruise control systems are:

The On/Off Switch

These buttons are used to engage and disengage your cruise control system. When you tap the “on” button, your car understands that you’re about to engage the system in order to cruise at a specific speed. The “off” button will disengage the cruise control. Turning off cruise control is as simple as applying the brake. Even a gentle tap of the brake pedal will shut cruise control off – requiring you to control the speed using your gas pedal again. 

The Set/Accelerate Button

This button tells the vehicle to maintain the speed at which you are currently driving. As such, if you hit the “set” button your vehicle will maintain that speed once you remove your foot from the gas pedal. In most cruise control equipped cars, tapping the “accelerate” button will cause the vehicle to speed up by 1km/h.

Resume Button

Most cars’ cruise control systems will allow you to return to your previously programmed speed by pressing ‘Resume’. 

Adaptive Cruise Control / Advanced Cruise Control

Advanced Cruise Control (ACC), also known as adaptive or intelligent cruise control, is an addition to conventional cruise control systems. It not only maintains the driver-set vehicle speed, but also adjusts the vehicle's speed to that of a preceding vehicle, and helps to maintain a pre-selected headway time to the vehicle ahead.  Rather than maintaining speed in isolation, a vehicle with adaptive cruise control can actually react to the traffic around it.

Advanced cruise control uses a frontal radar/laser sensor to detect vehicles in front and subsequently adjusts the vehicle's speed and headway by controlling fuel flow or by slightly braking. An adaptive cruise control-equipped vehicle can automatically slow down when the car ahead does; without driver intervention. It also means that if the driver changes lanes to an open one, the car automatically resumes speed. Most adaptive cruise control systems also allow the driver to set the following distance to the limits of the system's range, which is usually about 150m. While the majority of adaptive cruise control systems use radar, there are a few that use lidar or even cameras. Regardless of the sensor system involved, all systems provide essentially the same functionality.

Active braking carried out by ACC can usually reach up to maximally 30% of the vehicle's maximum deceleration. When a stronger deceleration is needed, the driver is warned by an auditory signal. Once the preceding, slower vehicle has moved out of the lane, the vehicle's speed will return to the driver-set cruise speed.

Benefits of Adaptive Cruise Control

• A vehicle with adaptive cruise control can automatically slow down when the car ahead of it does, reducing the chance of rear-end collisions.
   
• Adaptive cruise control also appears to improve traffic flow. According to the simulations, the presence of adaptive cruise control in as few as one-quarter of all vehicles on the road can lead to a marked improvement in traffic flow.

The only real drawback to adaptive cruise control is that it is more expensive than conventional cruise control. It is found more and more in the luxury car brands today!

Benefits of Cruise Control for the Driver

Cruise control may be intimidating for drivers who have never used it, as when they take their foot off the accelerator and the car doesn’t slow down, they feel like they are no longer in control of the car.  Those who are familiar with how cruise control works may find the following benefits:

• Cruise control was developed as a comfort and convenience system rather than a safety system.
   
• It allows you to take long road trips with added comfort – driving long distances without putting strain on your legs through having to hold your foot in a set position for extended periods to manually control the gas pedal and speed. 
   
• With cruise control activated, the driver can sit back, relax his right leg, and steer the vehicle.
   
• For those of us who suffer from lead-foot syndrome, cruise control ensures that you travel at a smooth and steady speed.
   
• Most drivers are fairly inconsistent at maintaining a given speed, instead creeping up and drifting down as you drive along a road as they manually adjust relative to the speed limit and road conditions such as hills. 
   
• Accelerating and braking continuously will use considerably more fuel than maintaining a set speed.
   
• Driving with cruise control will help to avoid subconsciously violating speed limits and incurring those unnecessary traffic fines on the open road.
   
• It can help with fuel economy during long trips on flat, straight roads and highways.
   
• The positives for road safety include a reduction of the mean driving speed, a reduction of the maximum speed, a reduction of speed differences, i.e. increased speed homogeneity and a reduction of the number of very short headway times.
   
• As cruise control leads to a decrease in fuel consumption there should also be a decrease of harmful emissions.

What are the Risks of Using Cruise Control?

With increased comfort there are however also risks that we need to be aware of! Driver error may lead to vehicle crashes if we use cruise control incorrectly and in the wrong driving conditions. Challenging road conditions may increase the risks for the driver using cruise control.

The driver should always be in full control of the movement of his vehicle and an error of judgement on his part cannot be merely blamed on the cruise control feature!

Risks can be summarized as follows:

• Cruise control when deployed will attempt to keep the car at a constant speed set by the driver. If the vehicle speed has been set to a 100 km/h speed, the car will automatically enter a corner at 100 km/h. If this is an inappropriate speed for the corner the subsequent braking to reduce speed will, while cornering, affect the balance of the vehicle which may in turn induce instability in the vehicle.
   
• This will affect the vehicle handling and if not correctly compensated for by the driver, can in a worst case result in a loss of control of the vehicle.
   
• Cruise control may lead to increased lane position variability, delayed braking, and crashing into a stationary queue more frequently.
   
• Wet roads significantly affect the grip of the tyre and this in turn can make corrective actions by the driver much more difficult to judge.
   
• A driver should remain alert while driving - Fatigue and a false sense of security can lead to a lack of attention and an accident.

• Cruise control should NEVER be used by a driver who is feeling tired or jaded.
   
• The lack of need to maintain constant pedal pressure can increase the risk of vehicle accidents caused by highway hypnosis
   
• Cruise control can also take your mind off the road (frequently, drivers keep one hand on the wheel while in cruise control, and that’s their only contact with the vehicle).
   
• With less to concentrate on it’s easier to daydream and disconnect from driving safely, which always requires concentration.
   
• Another risk is that a driver may not be able to respond as swiftly and effectively to an emergency situation.
   
• With cruise control it takes the driver’s foot off the gas pedal and the brake. The driver usually keeps his foot on the floor nearby. If you have to stop suddenly, to avoid a hazard on the road, it will take a few extra mille-seconds to find the brake pedal, and this time makes a lot of difference in what happens next.
   
• Driving over "rolling" terrain, with gentle up and down portions, can usually be done more economically (using less fuel) by a skilled driver viewing the approaching terrain, by maintaining a relatively constant throttle position and allowing the vehicle to accelerate on the downgrades and decelerate on upgrades, while reducing power when cresting a rise and adding a bit before an upgrade is reached.
   
• If Advanced Cruise Control is used in busy traffic, and on rural and urban roads other than main roads, there is a potential reduction of the ACC detection capacity.
   
• Accidents, merge lanes, exit congestion—all are possible highway hazards that are hard to anticipate, and harder to avoid when you’re on cruise control

When not to use Cruise Control

It is important to read the owner’s manual as a guide to when cruise control should be avoided. Cruise control is designed for ideal road conditions. Some manuals suggest cruise control should not be used in "heavy traffic driving, city driving, winding, slippery or unsealed roads.

We would like to advise that cruise control by avoided in the following circumstances:

• Never use cruise control where you cannot drive at a steady speed.
   
• Don’t use your cruise control when the road is wet and slippery due to heavy rain, hail, snow, ice, and in other challenging road, weather and environmental conditions.
   
• High risk road conditions will include having to drive where visibility is poor such as in fog and mist or areas of veld and forest fires.
   
• Do not use cruise control when driving in high traffic, and on rough, narrow, hilly or excessively bendy roads

• If your wheels begin to skid and you don’t step on the brake to stop, the continued acceleration can cause you to overdrive the road conditions and lose wheel traction and control of the vehicle.
   
• Using cruise control in traffic and on city streets with lights and stop signs can be tedious, frustrating, and unsafe. In these situations, you need to reset your cruise control each time you brake and it is unlikely you would be driving at the minimum speeds needed for cruise control.
   
• It is best to manually control your vehicle in traffic and city streets and leave cruise control for long journeys on dry, straight, and wide-open highways.
   
• Advanced cruise control should not be used on rural roads with curves and intersections, or on urban roads, because of difficulties in detecting small silhouettes and vehicles out of the line of vision on these road types.

Advice on safely using Cruise Control

• As a safe starting point we would like to advise reading your vehicle owner’s manual on how to operate your vehicle’s cruise control feature – Pay attention to the manufacturer’s warnings about cruise control use.
   
• It remains the duty of the driver to assess the conditions of the road and adjust vehicle speed to a safe speed suitable for the road and current driving conditions.
   
• The safest way to operate a vehicle is to ensure that under all driving conditions you can control the vehicle (brake, corner and accelerate) in a safe manner.
   
• During cruise control, your foot may take a rest from the accelerator, but keep both feet flat on the driver’s side floor and ready for braking or manoeuvring if you need to suddenly slow or emergency stop.
   
• Don’t lounge, curl your foot up underneath you, or put it up on the dashboard, windowsill, etc. while you drive.
   
• Even though you may not have to control your accelerator you still need to control the brake pedal at all times. 
   
• The brake pedal will disable cruise control, so be aware if the brake pedal is accidentally hit or pressed while driving.

The Future

As with other vehicle components we can expect to see continued improvements and advances in features and technology. Communication between vehicles and between vehicle and roadside is considered the technology that will make a whole new generation of vehicle control systems possible.

Cooperative Advanced Cruise Control with communication between a series of successive ACC-equipped vehicles in the same lane and/or communication with roadside systems will lead to vehicles exchanging information on their position, speed and deceleration. This may benefit road safety as the ACC system can optimize its speed support and drivers can get early warnings of braking or of slow vehicles ahead.

We will continue to assist road users with a better understanding of our vehicles and how we can make informed decisions to improve the safety for all on our roads!!

Recognition to info from

• The Institute for Road Safety Research
• Advanced Drivers of America

Also view:

Advanced driving and road safety

Following distances and safe driving

Driver fatigue and road safety

• Your South African driving licence card is your valid proof that you have a South African Driving Licence. When your driving licence card has expired, it does not mean that you driving licence has expired. Only your valid proof of such a licence has expired.
   
• The process to follow in the case where a Driving Licence Card is lost or stolen is the same as for the renewal of a Driving Licence Card that is about to expire/has expired.

• Identification document (ID) book;
   
• a certified copy of ID (for filing purposes);
   
• four ID photographs , and
   
• card issue fee.

• a certified copy of the identity document of the person who will receive the card on the applicant’s behalf; and 22/08/2008 1

• an affidavit made by the applicant stating the reason why he or she will be unable to receive the card in person, and the name and identification number of the person who will receive the card on his or her behalf; and

• his or her identity document and a certified copy thereof;
   
• a certified copy of the identity document of the applicant; and
   
• an affidavit made by the applicant which contains an explanation of the unforeseen circumstances preventing him or her from receiving the card in person and the name and identification number of the person who will receive the card on his or her behalf.

• The Driving Licence Testing Centre (DLTC) is to be notified by the applicant when he/she goes to renew the card, that a person whom they have nominated will collect the licence in accordance of section 1.3 above.

• that the confirmation letter cannot be interpreted as a driving licence when produced to a law enforcement official.
   
• THE UNITED KINGDOM WILL NOT CONVERT YOUR DRIVING LICENCE TO A UK ONE IF YOUR DRIVING LICENCE CARD HAS EXPIRED.

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